Recombinant type i crispr-cas system and uses thereof for killing target cells

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to recombinant Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) arrays and recombinant nucleic acid constructs encoding Type I-E CASCADE complexes, plasmids, retroviruses and bacteriophage comprising the same, and methods of use thereof for killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells.

STATEMENT OF PRIORITY

This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/739,694 filed on Oct. 1, 2018, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING ELECTRONIC FILING OF A SEQUENCE LISTING

A Sequence Listing in ASCII text format, submitted under 37 C.F.R. § 1.821, entitled 5051-943WO_ST25.txt, 72,205 bytes in size, generated on Sep. 19, 2019 and filed via EFS-Web, is provided in lieu of a paper copy. This Sequence Listing is hereby incorporated herein by reference into the specification for its disclosures.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to recombinant Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) arrays and recombinant nucleic acid constructs encoding Type I-E CASCADE complexes, plasmids, retroviruses and bacteriophage comprising the same, and methods of use thereof for killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), in combination with CRISPR-associated genes (cas) constitute the CRISPR-Cas system, which confers adaptive immunity in many bacteria and most archaea. CRISPR-mediated immunization occurs through the integration of DNA from invasive genetic elements such as plasmids and phages that can be used to thwart future infections by invaders containing the same sequence.

CRISPR-Cas systems consist of CRISPR arrays of short DNA “repeats” interspaced by hypervariable “spacer” sequences and a set of flanking cas genes. The system acts by providing adaptive immunity against invasive genetic elements such as phage and plasmids through the sequence-specific targeting and interference of foreign nucleic acids (Barrangou et al. 2007. Science. 315:1709-1712; Brouns et al, 2008. Science 321:960-4; Horvath and Barrangou. 2010. Science. 327:167-70; Marraffini and Sontheimer. 2008. Science. 322:1843-1845; Bhaya et al. 2011. Annu. Rev. Genet. 45:273-297; Terns and Terns. 2011. Curr Opin. Microbiol. 14:321-327; Westra et al. 2012. Annu. Rev. Genet. 46:311-339; Barrangou R. 2013. RNA. 4:267-278), Typically, invasive DNA sequences are acquired as novel “spacers” (Barrangou et al. 2007. Science. 315:1709-1712), each paired with a CRISPR repeat and inserted as a novel repeat-spacer unit in the CRISPR locus. The “spacers” are acquired by the Cas1 and Cas2 proteins that are universal to all CRISPR-Cas systems (Makarova et al. 2011. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 9:467-477; Yosef et al. 2012. Nucleic Acids Res. 40:5569-5576), with involvement by the Cas4 protein in some systems (Plagens et al. 2012. J. Bact. 194: 2491-2500; Zhang et al. 2012. PLoS One 7:e47232). The resulting repeat-spacer array is transcribed as a long pre-CRISPR RNA (pre-crRNA) (Brouns et al. 2008. Science 321:960-4), which is processed into CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) that drive sequence-specific recognition of DNA or RNA. Specifically, crRNAs guide nucleases towards complementary targets for sequence-specific nucleic acid cleavage mediated by Gas endonucleases (Garneau et al. 2010. Nature. 468:67-71; Haurwitz et al. 2010. Science. 329:1355-1358; Sapranauskas et al. 2011. Nucleic Acid Res. 39:9275-9282; Jinek et al. 2012. Science. 337:816-821; Gasiunas et al. 2012. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109:E2579-E2586; Magadan et al. 2012. PLoS One. 7:e40913; Karvelis et al. 2013. RNA Biol. 10:841-851).

These widespread systems occur in nearly half of bacteria (˜46%) and the large majority of archaea (˜90%). CRISPR/Cas are subdivided in classes and types based on the cas gene content, organization and variation in the biochemical processes that drive crRNA biogenesis, and Cas protein complexes that mediate target recognition and cleavage. Class 1 uses multiple Cas proteins in a cascade complex to degrade nucleic acids (see, FIG. 1). Class 2 uses a single large Cas protein to degrade nucleic acids. The type I systems are the most prevalent in bacteria and in archaea (Makarova et al. 2011. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 9:467-477) and target DNA (Brouns et al. 2008. Science 321:960-4). A complex of 3-8 Cas proteins called the CRISPR associated complex for antiviral defense (Cascade) processes the pre-crRNAs (Brouns et al. 2008. Science 321:960-4), retaining the crRNA to recognize DNA sequences called “protospacers” that are complementary to the spacer portion of the crRNA. Aside from complementarity between the crRNA spacer and the protospacer, targeting requires a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) located at the 5′ end of the protospacer (Mojica et al. 2009. Microbiology 155:733-740; Sorek et al., 2013. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 82:237-266). For type I systems, the PAM is directly recognized by Cascade (Sashital et al. 2012. Mol. Cell 46:606-615; Westra et al. 2012. Mol. Cell 46:595-605). The exact PAM sequence that is required can vary between different type I systems. Once a protospacer is recognized, Cascade generally recruits the endonuclease Cas3, which cleaves and degrades the target DNA (Sinkunas et al. 2011. EMBO J. 30:1335-1342; Sinkunas et al. 2013. EMBO J. 32:385-394).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention provides a method of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells:

(a) a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s),

wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in the genome of the bacterial and/or archaeal cells of the population that is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), and

wherein the target sequence is in genomic sequence that is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells;

(b) a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Type I-E CRISPR associated

complex for antiviral defense complex (Cascade complex) comprising:

a Cse1 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:82,

a Cse2 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:83,

a Cas7 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:84,

a Cas5 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:85, and

a Cas6 polypeptide encoded by encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:86; and

(c) a Cas3 polypeptide (e.g., as a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP)) or a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide, thereby killing one or more cells in the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.

A second aspect provides a method of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise an endogenous Type I-E Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s),

wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA in the one or more bacterial and/or archaeal cells of the population,

wherein the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and is in a genomic sequence that is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells, thereby killing the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.

These and other aspects of the invention are set forth in more detail in the description of the invention below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Schematic representation of CRISPR-Cas system Class 1-Type I.

FIG. 2. Frequency plot representing the consensus predicted protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for L. crispatus CRISPR-Cas system Type I-E (5′-NAA-3′) based on in silico analyses.

FIG. 3. Small RNA-seq data displaying the expression of an example CRISPR array (Repeat-Spacer-Repeat) from the Type I-E system in L. crispatus NCK1350. The premature crRNA (pre-crRNA) (SEQ ID NO:89) is processed to generate the mature crRNA (SEQ ID NO:90) containing 7 nt of the repeat (Bold uppercase; i.e., “handle”) in the 5′ end of the spacer (lowercase) and another 21 nt of the repeat on the 3′ end of the spacer. The boundaries of the mature crRNA with the hairpin (SEQ ID NO:91) performed due to the palindromic sequence contain in the repeat, which is shown in the bottom panel.

FIG. 4. Plasmid interference assay to check the functionality of the CRISPR-Cas system Type I-E in L. crispatus NCK1350. The CRISPR locus I-E of L. crispatus NCK1350 contains three different CRISPR arrays, CRISPR I-III (top panel). One spacer of each CRISPR array was cloned, with and without the PAM, into BgII-SaII digested pTRKH2 plasmid to check the functionality of the endogenous CRISPR system, and validate the PAM (5′-AAA3′) based on plasmid interference assays. The spacer-protospacer match and PAM recognition by the endogenous systems lead in plasmid targeting and cleavage, reducing the transformants (cfu/μg) obtained in the presence of the selective marker (erm (erythromycin)). CRISPRI pS6 (SEQ ID NO:92); CRISPRI pPS6 (SEQ ID NO:93); CRISPRII pS21 (SEQ ID NO:94); CRISPRII pPS21 (SEQ ID NO:95); CRISPRIII pS26 (SEQ ID NO:96); CRISPRIII pPS26 (SEQ ID NO:97).

FIG. 5. A schematic representation of the cloning strategy to generate a pcrRNA plasmid and successive targeting plasmids. (panel A) A synthetic gblock, containing two repeats (Bold Uppercase) from Type I-E L. crispatus under the expression of specific promoter in 5′ end and a terminator in 3′ end, was cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 plasmid to generate the pcrRNA plasmid. (panel B) The pcrRNA plasmid (SEQ ID NO:98 (5′ to 3′) and complement) contains two BsaI sites (underlined) between the repeats that allow the insertion of the designed targeting spacer (e.g. EPS gene) (lowercase)(SEQ ID NO:105) using annealing oligonucleotides (upper SEQ ID NO:103, lower SEQ ID NO:104) with overhanging ends to the BsaI digested pcrRNA plasmid (upper and lower fragments: SEQ ID NOs:99 to 102, respectively) generating the targeting plasmid pcrRNA-T1 (also referred to as pTRK1184) (SEQ ID NO:106 and its complement).

FIG. 6. Repurposing of endogenous CRISPR Type I-E system in L. crispatus NCK1350 for self-targeting. (panel A) The pcrRNA plasmid previously described (FIG. 5) is used to clone differently designed spacers to perform self-targeting in L. crispatus NCK1350 chromosome reprogramming the endogenous Type I-E system. As shown, plasmid-based delivery allowed repurposing the endogenous system to cleave the desire target location leading to cell suicide, Targeting EPS, trehalose or prophage genes leads to a 2-3 log reduction of transformants under a selective marker (erm). (panel B) Schematic representation of the interaction between the designed crRNA containing the targeting sequence (Bold) for the EPS gene. crRNA (SEQ ID NO:107); target DNA (SEQ ID NO:108 and its complement).

FIG. 7. CRISPR-Cas systems in L. crispatus. (A) Architecture of the CRISPR loci II-A, I-B and I-E detected in L. crispatus strains, with the signature cas genes—long arrows (Cas9, Type II-A), (Cas3, Type I-B) and (Cas3, Type I-E); cas genes short dark grey arrows; repeats are represented as black diamonds and spacers as grey squares with the number of total spacers in each CRISPR array indicated below. Trnsp, transposase (two white arrows). (B) Occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in L. crispatus strains from human (gut and urogenital tract) and poultry (gut) isolates. (C) Protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) prediction and representation using the frequency plot of WebLogo for each CRISPR subtype. crRNA:tracrRNA predicted interaction in Type II-A system with the RNase III predicted processing sites indicated with grey arrows (SEQ ID NO:121); crRNA predicted structure for Type I-B (SEQ ID NO:122) and Type I-E (SEQ ID NO:123) with the putative Cas6 processing site indicated with grey arrow.

FIG. 8. CRISPR locus expression and functionality. (A) RNA-seq coverage displaying the transcriptional profile of the CRISPR locus Type I-E in L. crispatus NCK1350, with mRNA in dark grey and smRNA for the three CRISPR arrays in light grey. (B) smRNA-seq expression profiles of the CRISPR arrays displaying the coverage for each spacer in each array and (C) detailed representation of CRISPR-1 to display the coverage for each spacer-repeat. (D) smRNA-seq displayed the crRNA maturation with the generation of the 5′ handle consisting of 7-nt (5′GUGAUCC-tag). The premature crRNA (pre-crRNA) (SEQ ID NO:89) is processed to generate the mature crRNA (SEQ ID NO:90). The crRNA boundaries with the terminal hairpin at the Tend (SEQ ID NO:91) was manually depicted. (E) A protospacer corresponding to the most recently acquired spacer of each CRISPR array was cloned into the shuttle vector pTRKH2, with and without the PAM 5′-AAA-3′, for plasmid interference assays. Lowercase sequence displays the plasmid sequence upstream the protospacer. In each case, the sequences for each plasmid are CRISPRI pS6 (SEQ ID NO:124); CRISPRI pPS6 (SEQ ID NO:125); CRISPRII pS21 (SEQ ID NO:126); CRISPRII pPS21 (SEQ ID NO:127); CRISPRIII pS26 (SEQ ID NO:128); CRISPRIII pPS26 (SEQ ID NO:129).

(F) Interference assays with a reduction of between 2-3 log units compared to the vector pTRKH2 or the non-PAM containing plasmids. Bar graphs represent the mean of three independent biological replicates and the error bars represent the standard deviation. **p-value<0.01, ***p-value<0.001, ****p-value<0.001 after Welch's t-test to compare each sample with the non-PAM containing control.

FIG. 9. Repurposing the endogenous Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system. (A) An artificial crRNA is expressed with a plasmid-based system (see FIG. 14; Table 1) to repurpose the endogenous Type I-E against the desired chromosomal target (middle panel of (A)) causing cell death (right panel of (A)). The base pair of the crRNA (SEQ ID NO:107) with the protospacer target located on the negative (−) or the positive (4-) strand (SEQ ID NO:108 and complement, respectively) is indicated (right panel). The bar graphs represent the mean of three independent biological replicates and the error bars represent the standard deviation. **p-value<0.01 after Welch's t-test to compare each sample with the control pTRK1183. (B) Cloning a 2 kb homologous repair template in the targeting plasmid (see FIG. 14, 15) allowed generation of a marker-less technology to perform genome editing in L. crispatus NCK1350 with different applications.

FIG. 10. Diversity of genome editing outcomes achieved by repurposing the endogenous Type I-E system in L. crispatus NCK1350. Different editing strategies can be achieved based on the repair template cloned in the targeting plasmid (see FIGS. 12, 13 (panel A)). Transformation efficiencies and editing rates (%) are shown in graph in (A) (middle panel) with the corresponding gels in (A) bottom panel. (A) Deletion of 643 bp in the exopolysaccharide p-gtf gene with the chromatogram showing the sequence of NCK1350 wild type strain (wt) (SEQ ID NO:130) and the deletion mutant NCK2635 (SEQ ID NO:131). (B) Insertion of stop codons while deleting the protospacer region in the p-gtf gene to generate the mutant NCK2656 (eps15_16::taatagtga (SEQ ID NO:132)). (C) Single base editing performed as single base substitution to altered the PAM sequence (14A>G) creating a missense mutation (K5R) in the derivative mutant NCK2659 (SEQ ID NO:133). (D) scanning electron microscopy of the wild type strain L. crispatus NCK1350 and the derivative mutants NCK2635, NCK2656 and NCK2659 harboring a deletion, interruption or single base substitution in the exopolysaccharide priming-glycosyltransferase (p-gtf) gene, respectively. Pictures were taken at 10,000-13,000× magnification and scale bar represents 1 μm.

FIG. 11. Diversity of genome editing loci achieved by repurposing the endogenous Type I-E system in L. crispatus NCK1350. Transformation efficiencies and editing rate (%) is shown in (A) (middle panel) with the corresponding gels in (A), bottom panel. (A) Deletion of the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 gene (308 bp) with the chromatogram showing the sequence of NCK1350 wild type strain (wt) (first 8 and last 45 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:134 shown) and the derivative mutant NCK2662 (SEQ ID NO:135). Notice the repair template was designed 206 bp upstream from the PAM to delete the complete gene (see FIG. 15). (B) Chromosomal insertion of the GFP (730 bp) downstream the enolase gene with the chromatogram showing the sequence of the wild type strain (SEQ ID NO:136) and the derived mutant NCK2665 (SEQ ID NO:137). (C) Growth curve (OD_(600 nm)) of NCK1350 and derivative mutant NCK2662 in the presence of Mitomycin-C (MC) for prophage induction. (D) Fluorescence microscopy of NCK1350 and derivative mutant NCK2665 expressing the green fluorescent protein inserted in the chromosome, using white filter (left) and FITC filter (right) under the Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope and 40× magnification.

FIG. 12. Cloning strategy to generate the plasmid-based technology to repurpose the endogenous CRISPR system Type I-E in L. crispatus NCK1350. (A) An artificial crRNA containing the native leader (L) of the CRISPR-3 of L. crispatus NCK1350 as promoter, together with two repeats (native repeat sequence of NCK1350) and a Rho-terminator were synthesized as a gene block and cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 to generate the plasmid-based technology pTRK1183. (B) The pTRK1183 plasmid allows cloning a spacer (target) using annealing oligonucleotides with overhand ends to the BsaI-digested pTRK1183 generating the targeting plasmid pTRK1184, that will express the crRNA to repurpose the endogenous CRISPR systems I-E against the desire target (SEQ ID NO:98 and complement, SEQ ID NOs:99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 and complement, and SEQ ID NO: 106 and complement). (C) The generated targeting plasmid contains Sail-PvuI restriction sites for convenient and easy cloning of different repair templates to perform different genome editing outcomes as deletion (pTRK1185), insertion (pTRK1186) or single base editing (pTRK1187).

FIG. 13. Cloning strategy to design the repair templates for the different genome editing outcomes. A total of five different edits were performed in three different chromosomal targets with different designs associated with the homologous repair template (RT). For each design, the homologous arms were designed with an average length of 1 kb each. For each target, the chromosomal architecture, the gene of interest and the nucleotide sequence is displayed, with the protospacer targeted (T) region in center (p-gtf). (A) Design for the deletion, insertion of stop codons or single base substitution is shown for the exopolysaccharide priming-glycosyl transferase p-gtf (EC 2.7.8.6). Each template was cloned into the targeting plasmid pTRK1184 to generate pTRK1185, pTRK1186 and pTRK1187 respectively (see, Table 7). The homologous arm for the upstream region (light shading at Fend) was designed until the PAM (5′-AAA-3′) sequence (homologous arm placed 5′ of the PAM sequence), while the downstream arm was designed according to the desire mutation to be introduced for the deletion or the insertion of stop codons. To perform single base editing, the upstream homologous arm contains the single base substitution in the PAM sequence, while the downstream region remains as the chromosomal sequence, including the protospacer sequence (SEQ ID NOs:138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, and 144). (B) Repair template designed to delete the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 gene. The PAM motif detected in the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 gene is located closer to the 3′ end of the gene. In this scenario the upstream arm was designed until the start codon of the Nu1 gene, located 204 bp upstream from PAM motif (SEQ ID NOs:145, 146, and 147). This designed repair template was cloned into pTRK1188 (also referred to as pcrRNA_T1) to generate pTRK1189 (SEQ ID NOs:148 and 149). (C) Repair template designed to perform a chromosomal insertion of the GFP in the downstream region of the highly expressed enolase gene. The upstream arm was designed until the PAM but without including the PAM sequence, followed by the GFP gene to be inserted (730 bp) carrying its own ribosomal binding site followed by the downstream arm that includes the protospacer region (SEQ ID NO:150). The designed repair template was cloned into pTRK1190 to generate pTRK1191 (SEQ ID NOs:151 and 152).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention now will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the invention may be implemented, or all the features that may be added to the instant invention. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. Thus, the invention contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following descriptions are intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

All publications, patent applications, patents and other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for the teachings relevant to the sentence and/or paragraph in which the reference is presented.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features of the invention described herein can be used in any combination. Moreover, the present invention also contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. To illustrate, if the specification states that a composition comprises components A, B and C, it is specifically intended that any of A, B or C, or a combination thereof, can be omitted and disclaimed singularly or in any combination.

As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Also as used herein, “and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).

The term “about,” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount or concentration and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%, or even ±0.1% of the specified value as well as the specified value. For example, “about X” where X is the measurable value, is meant to include X as well as variations of ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%, or even ±0.1% of X. A range provided herein for a measureable value may include any other range and/or individual value therein.

As used herein, phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y. As used herein, phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y” and phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.”

The term “comprise,” “comprises” and “comprising” as used herein, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” means that the scope of a claim is to be interpreted to encompass the specified materials or steps recited in the claim and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of” when used in a claim of this invention is not intended to be interpreted to be equivalent to “comprising.”

As used herein, the terms “increase,” “increasing,” “enhance,” “enhancement,” “improve” and “improvement” (and the like and grammatical variations thereof) describe an elevation of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 750%, 1000%, 2500%, 5000%, 10,000%, 20,000% or more as compared to a control (e.g., a CRISPR array targeting a particular gene having, for example, more spacer sequences targeting different regions of that gene and therefore having increased repression of that gene as compared to a CRISPR array targeting the same gene but having, for example, fewer spacer sequences targeting different regions of that gene).

As used herein, the terms “reduce,” “reduced,” “reducing,” “reduction,” “diminish,” “suppress,” and “decrease” (and grammatical variations thereof), describe, for example, a decrease of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% as compared to a control. In particular embodiments, the reduction can result in no or essentially no (La, an insignificant amount, e.g., less than about 10% or even 5%) detectable activity or amount. As an example, a mutation in a Cas3 nuclease can reduce the nuclease activity of the Cas3 by at least about 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% as compared to a control (e.g., wild-type Cas3).

The terms “complementary” or “complementarity,” as used herein, refer to the natural binding of polynucleotides under permissive salt and temperature conditions by base-pairing. For example, the sequence “A-G-T” binds to the complementary sequence “T-C-A.” Complementarity between two single-stranded molecules may be “partial,” in which only some of the nucleotides bind, or it may be complete when total complementarity exists between the single stranded molecules. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands.

“Complement” as used herein can mean 100% complementarity with the comparator nucleotide sequence or it can mean less than 100% complementarity (e.g., about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and the like, complementarity).

As used herein, the phrase “substantially complementary,” or “substantial complementarity” in the context of two nucleic acid molecules, nucleotide sequences or protein sequences, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that are at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and/or 100% nucleotide or amino acid residue complementary, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, substantial complementarity can refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95, 96, 96, 97, 98, or 99% complementarity (e.g., about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 96%, about 80% to about 97%, about 80% to about 98%, about 80% to about 99% or more, about 85% to about 90%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 96%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 98%, about 85% to about 99% or more, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 96%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 98%, about 90% to about 99% or more, about 95% to about 97%, about 95% to about 98%, about 95% to about 99% or more). Two nucleotide sequences can be considered to be substantially complementary when the two sequences hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. In some representative embodiments, two nucleotide sequences considered to be substantially complementary hybridize to each other under highly stringent conditions.

As used herein, “contact,” contacting,” “contacted,” and grammatical variations thereof, refers to placing the components of a desired reaction together under conditions suitable for carrying out the desired reaction (e.g., integration, transformation, site-specific cleavage (nicking, cleaving), amplifying, site specific targeting of a polypeptide of interest and the like). The methods and conditions for carrying out such reactions are well known in the art (See, e.g., Gasiunas et al. (2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109:E2579-E2586; M. R. Green and J. Sambrook (2012) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

As used herein, type I Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated complex for antiviral defense (Cascade) refers to a complex of polypeptides involved in processing of pre-crRNAs and subsequent binding to the target DNA in type I CRISPR-Cas systems. Exemplary type I-E polypeptides useful with this invention include Cse1 (CasA) (SEQ ID NO:82), Cse2 (CasB) (SEQ ID NO:83), Cas7 (CasC) (SEQ ID NO:84), Cas5 (CasD) (SEQ ID NO:85) and/or Case (CasE) (SEQ ID NO:86). In some embodiments of this invention, a recombinant nucleic acid construct may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a subset of type-IE Cascade polypeptides that function to process a CRISPR array and subsequently bind to a target DNA using the spacer of the processed CRISPR RNA as a guide. In some embodiments of this invention, a recombinant nucleic acid construct may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding Cse1 (CasA) (SEQ ID NO:82), Cse2 (CasB) (SEQ ID NO:83), Cas7 (CasC) (SEQ ID NO:84), Cas5 (CasD) (SEQ ID NO:85) and Case (CasE) (SEQ ID NO:86).

A “fragment” or “portion” of a nucleic acid will be understood to mean a nucleotide sequence of reduced length relative (e.g., reduced by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more nucleotides) to a reference nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence and comprising a nucleotide sequence of contiguous nucleotides that are identical or almost identical (e.g., 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical) to the reference nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence. Such a nucleic acid fragment or portion according to the invention may be, where appropriate, included in a larger polynucleotide of which it is a constituent. In some embodiments, a fragment of a polynucleotide can be a fragment that encodes a polypeptide that retains its function (e.g., encodes a fragment of a Type-1E Cascade polypeptide that is reduce in length as compared to the wild type polypeptide but which retains at least one function of a Type-1E Cascade protein (e.g., processes CRISPR RNAs, bind DNA and/or form a complex). In some embodiments, a fragment of a polynucleotide can be a fragment of a native repeat sequence (e.g., a native repeat sequence from L. crispatus that is shortened by about 1 nucleotide to about 8 nucleotides from the 3′ end of a native repeat sequence (see, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:2-9, 11-18, 20-27, 29-36, 38-41, 43-50, 52-59, 61-68).

As used herein, “chimeric” refers to a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide in which at least two components are derived from different sources (e.g., different organisms, different coding regions).

A “heterologous” or a “recombinant” nucleic acid is a nucleic acid not naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced, including non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring nucleic acid.

Different nucleic acids or proteins having homology are referred to herein as “homologues.” The term homologue includes homologous sequences from the same and other species and orthologous sequences from the same and other species. “Homology” refers to the level of similarity between two or more nucleic acid and/or amino acid sequences in terms of percent of positional identity (i.e., sequence similarity or identity). Homology also refers to the concept of similar functional properties among different nucleic acids or proteins. Thus, the compositions and methods of the invention further comprise homologues to the nucleotide sequences and polypeptide sequences of this invention. “Orthologous,” as used herein, refers to homologous nucleotide sequences and/or amino acid sequences in different species that arose from a common ancestral gene during speciation. A homologue of a nucleotide sequence of this invention has a substantial sequence identity (e.g., at least about 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and/or 100%) to said nucleotide sequence of the invention.

As used herein, hybridization, hybridize, hybridizing, and grammatical variations thereof, refer to the binding of two complementary nucleotide sequences or substantially complementary sequences in which some mismatched base pairs are present. The conditions for hybridization are well known in the art and vary based on the length of the nucleotide sequences and the degree of complementarity between the nucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, the conditions of hybridization can be high stringency, or they can be medium stringency or low stringency depending on the amount of complementarity and the length of the sequences to be hybridized. The conditions that constitute low, medium and high stringency for purposes of hybridization between nucleotide sequences are well known in the art (See, e.g., Gasiunas et al. (2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109:E2579-E2586; M. R. Green and J. Sambrook (2012) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

A “native” or “wild type” nucleic acid, nucleotide sequence, polypeptide or amino acid sequence refers to a naturally occurring or endogenous nucleic acid, nucleotide sequence, polypeptide or amino acid sequence. Thus, for example, a “wild type mRNA” is a mRNA that is naturally occurring in or endogenous to the organism. A “homologous” nucleic acid is a nucleic acid naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid,” “nucleic acid molecule,” “nucleic acid construct,” “nucleotide sequence” and “polynucleotide” refer to RNA or DNA that is linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof. The term also encompasses RNA/DNA hybrids. When dsRNA is produced synthetically, less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA, and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2′-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made. The nucleic acid constructs of the present disclosure can be DNA or RNA, but are preferably DNA. Thus, although the nucleic acid constructs of this invention may be described and used in the form of DNA, depending on the intended use, they may also be described and used in the form of RNA.

As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of being used to produce mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, anti-microRNA, regulatory RNA, and the like. Genes may or may not be capable of being used to produce a functional protein or gene product. Genes can include both coding and non-coding regions (e.g., introns, regulatory elements, promoters, enhancers, termination sequences and/or 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions). A gene may be “isolated” by which is meant a nucleic acid that is substantially or essentially free from components normally found in association with the nucleic acid in its natural state. Such components include other cellular material, culture medium from recombinant production, and/or various chemicals used in chemically synthesizing the nucleic acid.

A “synthetic” nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence that is not found in nature but is constructed by human intervention and as a consequence is not a product of nature.

As used herein, the term “nucleotide sequence” refers to a heteropolymer of nucleotides or the sequence of these nucleotides from the 5′ to 3′ end of a nucleic acid molecule and includes DNA or RNA molecules, including cDNA, a DNA fragment or portion, genomic DNA, synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA, plasmid DNA, mRNA, and antisense RNA, any of which can be single stranded or double stranded. The terms “nucleotide sequence” “nucleic acid,” “nucleic acid molecule,” “nucleic acid construct,” “oligonucleotide,” and “polynucleotide” are also used interchangeably herein to refer to a heteropolymer of nucleotides. Except as otherwise indicated, nucleic acid molecules and/or nucleotide sequences provided herein are presented herein in the 5′ to 3′ direction, from left to right and are represented using the standard code for representing the nucleotide characters as set forth in the U.S. sequence rules, 37 CFR §§ 1.821-1.825 and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25. A “5′ region” as used herein can mean the region of a polynucleotide that is nearest the 5′ end. Thus, for example, an element in the 5′ region of a polynucleotide can be located anywhere from the first nucleotide located at the 5′ end of the polynucleotide to the nucleotide located halfway through the polynucleotide. A “3′ region” as used herein can mean the region of a polynucleotide that is nearest the 3′ end. Thus, for example, an element in the 3′ region of a polynucleotide can be located anywhere from the first nucleotide located at the 3′ end of the polynucleotide to the nucleotide located halfway through the polynucleotide. An element that is described as being “at the 5′ end” or “at the 3′ end” of a polynucleotide (5′ to 3′) refers to an element located immediately adjacent to (upstream of) the first nucleotide at the 5′ end of the polynucleotide, or immediately adjacent to (downstream of) the last nucleotide located at the 3′ end of the polynucleotide, respectively.

As used herein, the term “percent sequence identity” or “percent identity” refers to the percentage of identical nucleotides in a linear polynucleotide sequence of a reference (“query”) polynucleotide molecule (or its complementary strand) as compared to a test (“subject”) polynucleotide molecule (or its complementary strand) when the two sequences are optimally aligned. In some embodiments, “percent identity” can refer to the percentage of identical amino acids in an amino acid sequence.

As used herein, a “hairpin sequence” is a nucleotide sequence comprising hairpins. A hairpin (e.g., stem-loop, fold-back) refers to a nucleic acid molecule having a secondary structure that includes a region of nucleotides that form a single strand that are further flanked on either side by a double stranded-region. Such structures are well known in the art. As known in the art, the double stranded region can comprise some mismatches in base pairing or can be perfectly complementary. In some embodiments, a repeat sequence may comprise, consist essentially of, consist of a hairpin sequence that is located within the repeat nucleotide sequence (i.e., at least one nucleotide (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more) of the repeat nucleotide sequence is present on either side of the hairpin that is within the repeat nucleotide sequence).

A “CRISPR array” as used herein means a nucleic acid molecule that comprises at least two CRISPR repeat nucleotide sequences, or a portion(s) thereof, and at least one spacer sequence, wherein one of the two repeat nucleotide sequences, or a portion thereof, is linked to the 5′ end of the spacer sequence and the other of the two repeat nucleotide sequences, or portion thereof, is linked to the 3′ end of the spacer sequence. In a recombinant CRISPR array of the invention, the combination of repeat nucleotide sequences and spacer sequences is synthetic and not found in nature. The CRISPR array may be introduced into a cell or cell free system as RNA, or as DNA in an expression cassette or vector (e.g., plasmid, retrovirus, bacteriophage).

As used herein, the term “spacer sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a targeted portion (i.e., “protospacer”) of the genome of a bacterium or archaeon of interest. The term “genome,” as used herein, refers to the chromosomal of the target organism (e.g., a bacterium or an archaeon). The spacer sequence guides the CRISPR machinery to the targeted portion of the genome, wherein the targeted portion of the genome is cut and degraded, thereby killing the cell(s) comprising the target sequence.

A “target sequence” or “protospacer” refers to a targeted portion of a genome or of a cell free nucleic acid that is complementary to the spacer sequence of a recombinant CRISPR array. A target sequence or protospacer useful with this invention may be any sequence that is located immediately adjacent to the 3′ end of a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) (e.g., 5′-PAM-Protospacer-3′). In some embodiments, a PAM may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a sequence of 5′-NAA-3′, 5′-AAA-3′ and/or 5′-AA-3′ that is located immediately adjacent to and 5′ of the protospacer. A non-limiting example of a PAM associated with a protospacer may be the following:

(SEQ ID NO: 88) . . . ATGCTAATGGAGAAACTACAAGTTAATCCGGCAAAGCTAAATGG CCGGCCCGT.

As used herein, the terms “target genome” and “targeted genome” refer to a genome of an organism of interest (e.g., a bacterium or an archaeon).

As used herein “sequence identity” refers to the extent to which two optimally aligned polynucleotide or peptide sequences are invariant throughout a window of alignment of components, e.g., nucleotides or amino acids. “Identity” can be readily calculated by known methods including, but not limited to, those described in: Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., ed.) Oxford University Press, New York (1988); Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., ed.) Academic Press, New York (1993); Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds.) Humana Press, New Jersey (1994); Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G., ed.) Academic Press (1987); and Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds.) Stockton Press, New York (1991).

As used herein, the phrase “substantially identical,” or “substantial identity” in the context of two nucleic acid molecules, nucleotide sequences or protein sequences, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and/or 100% nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. In particular embodiments, substantial identity can refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95, 96, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identity.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters.

Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window are well known to those skilled in the art and may be conducted by tools such as the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, and optionally by computerized implementations of these algorithms such as GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA available as part of the GCG® Wisconsin Package® (Accelrys Inc., San Diego, Calif.). An “identity fraction” for aligned segments of a test sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identical components which are shared by the two aligned sequences divided by the total number of components in the reference sequence segment, i.e., the entire reference sequence or a smaller defined part of the reference sequence. Percent sequence identity is represented as the identity fraction multiplied by 100. The comparison of one or more polynucleotide sequences may be to a full-length polynucleotide sequence or a portion thereof, or to a longer polynucleotide sequence. For purposes of this invention “percent identity” may also be determined using BLASTX version 2.0 for translated nucleotide sequences and BLASTN version 2.0 for polynucleotide sequences.

Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., 1990). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value, the cumulative score goes to zero or below due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments, or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915 (1989)).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a test nucleic acid sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleotide sequence to the reference nucleotide sequence is less than about 0.1 to less than about 0.001. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleotide sequence to the reference nucleotide sequence is less than about 0.001.

“Stringent hybridization conditions” and “stringent hybridization wash conditions” in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and Northern hybridizations are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes part I chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays” Elsevier, New York (1993). Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.

The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the T_(m) for a particular probe. An example of stringent hybridization conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleotide sequences which have more than 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formamide with 1 mg of heparin at 42° C., with the hybridization being carried out overnight. An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.15M NaCl at 72° C. for about 15 minutes. An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2×SSC wash at 65° C. for 15 minutes (see, Sambrook, infra, for a description of SSC buffer). Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal. An example of a medium stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 1×SSC at 45° C. for 15 minutes. An example of a low stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 4-6×SSC at 40° C. for 15 minutes. For short probes (e.g., about 10 to 50 nucleotides), stringent conditions typically involve salt concentrations of less than about 1.0 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is typically at least about 30° C. Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. In general, a signal to noise ratio of 2× (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization. Nucleotide sequences that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the proteins that they encode are substantially identical. This can occur, for example, when a copy of a nucleotide sequence is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code.

The following are examples of sets of hybridization/wash conditions that may be used to clone homologous nucleotide sequences that are substantially identical to reference nucleotide sequences of the invention. In one embodiment, a reference nucleotide sequence hybridizes to the “test” nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SOS), 0.5 M NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 2×SSC, 0.1% SOS at 50° C. In another embodiment, the reference nucleotide sequence hybridizes to the “test” nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 1×SSC, 0.1% SOS at 50° C. or in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C. In still further embodiments, the reference nucleotide sequence hybridizes to the “test” nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., or in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

Any polynucleotide and/or nucleic acid construct useful with this invention may be codon optimized for expression in any species of interest. Codon optimization is well known in the art and involves modification of a nucleotide sequence for codon usage bias using species-specific codon usage tables. The codon usage tables are generated based on a sequence analysis of the most highly expressed genes for the species of interest. When the nucleotide sequences are to be expressed in the nucleus, the codon usage tables are generated based on a sequence analysis of highly expressed nuclear genes for the species of interest. The modifications of the nucleotide sequences are determined by comparing the species specific codon usage table with the codons present in the native polynucleotide sequences. As is understood in the art, codon optimization of a nucleotide sequence results in a nucleotide sequence having less than 100% identity (e.g., 50%, 60%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and the like) to the native nucleotide sequence but which still encodes a polypeptide having the same function (and in some embodiments, the same structure) as that encoded by the original nucleotide sequence. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, polynucleotides and/or nucleic acid constructs useful with the invention may be codon optimized for expression in the particular organism/species of interest.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are “isolated.” An “isolated” polynucleotide sequence or an “isolated” polypeptide is a polynucleotide or polypeptide that, by human intervention, exists apart from its native environment and is therefore not a product of nature. An isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide may exist in a purified form that is at least partially separated from at least some of the other components of the naturally occurring organism or virus, for example, the cell or viral structural components or other polypeptides or nucleic acids commonly found associated with the polynucleotide. In representative embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide and/or the isolated polypeptide may be at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or more pure.

In other embodiments, an isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide may exist in a non-natural environment such as, for example, a recombinant host cell. Thus, for example, with respect to nucleotide sequences, the term “isolated” means that it is separated from the chromosome and/or cell in which it naturally occurs. A polynucleotide is also isolated if it is separated from the chromosome and/or cell in which it naturally occurs in and is then inserted into a genetic context, a chromosome and/or a cell in which it does not naturally occur (e.g., a different host cell, different regulatory sequences, and/or different position in the genome than as found in nature). Accordingly, the polynucleotides and their encoded polypeptides are “isolated” in that, through human intervention, they exist apart from their native environment and therefore are not products of nature, however, in some embodiments, they can be introduced into and exist in a recombinant host cell.

In some embodiments of the invention, a recombinant nucleic acid of the invention comprising/encoding a CRISPR array, a Cascade complex, and/or a Cas3 may be operatively associated with a variety of promoters, terminators and other regulatory elements for expression in various organisms or cells. Thus, in some embodiments, at least one promoter and/or at least one terminator may be operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid of the invention comprising/encoding a CRISPR array, a Cascade complex, and/or a Cas3. In some embodiments, when comprised in the same nucleic acid construct (e.g., expression cassette), the CRISPR array, recombinant nucleic acid encoding a Cascade complex, and/or recombinant nucleic acid encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be operably linked to separate (independent) promoters that may be the same promoter or a different promoter. In some embodiments, when comprised in the same nucleic acid construct, the CRISPR array, recombinant nucleic acid encoding Cascade, and/or recombinant nucleic acid encoding Cas3 may be operably linked to a single promoter.

Any promoter useful with this invention can be used and includes, for example, promoters functional with the organism of interest. A promoter useful with this invention can include, but is not limited to, constitutive, inducible, developmentally regulated, tissue-specific/preferred-promoters, and the like, as described herein. A regulatory element as used herein can be endogenous or heterologous. In some embodiments, an endogenous regulatory element derived from the subject organism can be inserted into a genetic context in which it does not naturally occur (e.g., a different position in the genome than as found in nature), thereby producing a recombinant or non-native nucleic acid.

By “operably linked” or “operably associated” as used herein, it is meant that the indicated elements are functionally related to each other, and are also generally physically related. Thus, the term “operably linked” or “operably associated” as used herein, refers to nucleotide sequences on a single nucleic acid molecule that are functionally associated. Thus, a first nucleotide sequence that is operably linked to a second nucleotide sequence means a situation when the first nucleotide sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleotide sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably associated with a nucleotide sequence if the promoter effects the transcription or expression of said nucleotide sequence. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the control sequences (e.g., promoter) need not be contiguous with the nucleotide sequence to which it is operably associated, as long as the control sequences function to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated, yet transcribed, sequences can be present between a promoter and a nucleotide sequence, and the promoter can still be considered “operably linked” to the nucleotide sequence.

Any promoter that initiates transcription of a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention, for example, in an organism/cell of interest may be used. A promoter useful with this invention can include, but is not limited to, a constitutive, inducible, developmentally regulated, tissue-specific/preferred-promoter, and the like, as described herein. A regulatory element as used herein can be endogenous or heterologous. In some embodiments, an endogenous regulatory element derived from the subject organism can be inserted into a genetic context in which it does not naturally occur (e.g., a different position in the genome than as found in nature (e.g., a different position in a chromosome or in a plasmid), thereby producing a recombinant or non-native nucleic acid. In some embodiments, promoters useful with the constructs of the invention may be any combination of heterologous and/or endogenous promoters.

Promoters can include, for example, constitutive, inducible, temporally regulated, developmentally regulated, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred and/or tissue-specific promoters for use in the preparation of recombinant nucleic acid molecules, i.e., “chimeric genes” or “chimeric polynucleotides.” These various types of promoters are known in the art. Thus, expression can be made constitutive, inducible, temporally regulated, developmentally regulated, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred and/or tissue-specific promoters using the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention operatively linked to the appropriate promoter functional in an organism of interest. Expression may also be made reversible using the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention operatively linked to, for example, an inducible promoter functional in an organism of interest.

The choice of promoter will vary depending on the quantitative, temporal and spatial requirements for expression, and also depending on the host cell of interest. Promoters for many different organisms are well known in the art. Based on the extensive knowledge present in the art, the appropriate promoter can be selected for the particular host organism of interest. Thus, for example, much is known about promoters upstream of highly constitutively expressed genes in model organisms and such knowledge can be readily accessed and implemented in other systems as appropriate.

Exemplary promoters include, but are not limited to, promoters functional in eukaryotes and prokaryotes including but not limited to, plants, viruses, bacteria, fungi, archaea, animals, and mammals. For example, promoters useful with archaea include, but are not limited to, Haloferax volcanii tRNA (Lys) promoter (Palmer et al. J. Bacteriol. 1995. 177(7):1844-1849), Pyrococcus furiosus gdh promoter (Waege et al. 2010. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:3308-3313), Sulfolobus sulfataricus 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter (DeYoung et al. 2011. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321:92-99).

Exemplary promoters useful with yeast can include a promoter from phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP), triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), galactose-regulon (GAL1, GAL10), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1, ADH2), phosphatase (PHO5), copper-activated metallothionine (CUP1), MFα1, PGK/α2 operator, TPI/α2 operator, GAP/GAL, PGK/GAL, GAP/ADH2, GAP/PHO5, iso-1-cytochrome c/glucocorticoid response element (CYC/GRE), phosphoglycerate kinase/angrogen response element (PGK/ARE), transcription elongation factor EF-1α (TEF1), triose phosphate dehydrogenase (TDH3), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), pyruvate kinase 1 (PYK1), and/or hexose transporter (HXT7) (See, Romanos et al. Yeast 8:423-488 (1992); and Partow et al. Yeast 27:955-964 (2010).

In additional embodiments, a promoter useful with bacteria can include, but is not limited to, L-arabinose inducible (araBAD, P_(BAD)) promoter, any lac promoter, L-rhamnose inducible (rhaP_(BAD)) promoter, T7 RNA polymerase promoter, trc promoter, tac promoter, lambda phage promoter (p_(L), p_(L)-9 G-50), anhydrotetracycline-inducible (tetA) promoter, trp, lpp, phoA, recA, proU, cst-1, cadA, nar, lpp-lac, cspA, 17-lac operator, T3-lac operator, T4 gene 32, T5-lac operator, nprM-lac operator, Vhb, Protein A, corynebacterial-Escherichia coli like promoters, thr, horn, diphtheria toxin promoter, sig A, sig B, nusG, SoxS, katb, α-amylase (Pamy), Ptms, P43 (comprised of two overlapping RNA polymerase σ factor recognition sites, σA, σB), Ptms, P43, rpIK-rpIA, ferredoxin promoter, and/or xylose promoter. (See, K. Terpe Appl. Microbiol, Biotechnol. 72:211-222 (2006); Hannig et al. Trends in Biotechnology 16:54-60 (1998); and Srivastava Protein Expr Purif 40:221-229 (2005)).

Translation elongation factor promoters may be used with the invention. Translation elongation factor promoters may include but are not limited to elongation factor Tu promoter (Tuf) (e.g., Ventura et al., Appl. Environ. Microbial. 69:6908-6922 (2003)), elongation factor P (Pefp) (e.g., Tauer et al., Microbial Cell Factories, 13:150 (2014), rRNA promoters including but not limited to a P3, a P6 a P15 promoter (e.g., Djordjevic et al., Canadian Journal Microbiology, 43:61-69 (1997); Russell and Klaenhammer, Appl. Environ. Microbial. 67:1253-1261 (2001)) and/or a P11 promoter. In some embodiments, a promoter may be a synthetic promoter derived from a natural promoter (e.g., Rud et al., Microbiology, 152:1011-1019 (2006). In some embodiments, a sakacin promoter may be used with the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention (e.g., Mathiesen et al., J. Appl. Microbial., 96:819-827 (2004).

A promoter useful with the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention may be a promoter from any bacterial species. In some embodiments, a promoter from a Lactobacillus spp. (e.g., L. reuteri, L. buchneri, L. casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. pentosus, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and the like) may be operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention (e.g., a CRISPR array, a Cascade complex and/or a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide). In some embodiments, an endogenous promoter from L. crispatus may be operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention (e.g., a CRISPR array, a Cascade complex and/or a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide). In some embodiments, the promoter from L. crispatus may comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs:69 to 73. Thus, for example, an L. crispatus promoter may include, but is not limited to, the sequence (5′ to 3′) of a native CRISPR array promoter:

SEQ ID NO: 69 ACAAAAAAGAACTTTAGTTGAATTACTGTTGTATAAGCGTTGTCGAAAGA TGACGTCTTTTTTGTATGTTTAGGGAGACAAGAAAATTCTATTCGTTGGA TGACTAATGAGACAGAAATAGATACAATAGTAATTGACAAAGTGATGAAA TTTTGGGATCTATTGTTTTGTGATTGTTGTTATATTGGGATTTGTTTAC T; SEQ ID NO: 70 CTTGATATATAAGGATTTATAAATGAAATTTGAATCCTAGGGGCACTTTG GGAGCAAAACTATTCAAAAAGAAGCAGAAATGCTTCTTTTTTATTTGGAG TGGCTTTTTGTAATTATGGCTTTATTATTGGTCTTTGTTAAAAGTGATTA AAAATGATATTATTTCGATTGAGCGATGCTGATATATTGTGGATCATTT A; and/or SEQ ID NO: 71 GCAGACAAATAATATTTTTCTTTATTTGTTTAGGAGGAATCATAGCAGAA TGATATTATGATTCCTCTTTTTATTTGAATATTATGTCTAGCAGATATTG TCTATTTAATAAAAATCGATATACTTGGTAGTAGGATCAAAGTGATGAAA AAATGGTGTTTGCGTATTTTCATTTGGCGCTATAAAGGGATTTGTTTAC T.

In some embodiments, a L. crispatus promoter may include, but is not limited to, the sequence (5′-3′) of a cas3 promoter in L. crispatus:

SEQ ID NO: 72 ATATTCCCAAACCAATCCAGCACCACTTGATGGTTCATCTAAGGGCGGA AAATGGGAAGATTTTAGCATTTGGGATTATGATAAATATGATCAAGTAA TAAAAGACATCGATTATCCTATGTATATAAATAAAAATAGATTGTAAAA TAAAAAGTAATTATAAATATTAGATTAAGCAGATAGTATAAATTTAGGA GAAAC, or the sequence (5′-3′) of a Cascade complex promoter in L. crispatus:

SEQ ID NO: 73 TAAACTGTATTAAGTGTATTCCTCACTTAGGTGAGGGTGATCCTGTTAA TTATTTATTTATTGAAGTAATCCCCATCAAAGTGGGGTTTAGCGGTTTC AGTATATGAAACCGCTTTTTATTTTATTGAAAAAGTATTGTAAATAAAA TAAATAAGCTTTAATATAAATATGAATGTTAAATATTTATTTAATGAGG AAAGAAACGGTGATAT.

In some embodiments, a promoter from L. crispatus may be operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention for expression in an L. crispatus cell. In some embodiments, a promoter from L. crispatus may be operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention for expression in the cell of a different bacterial species or an archaeal species.

In some embodiments, a promoter useful with the invention includes, but is not limited to, a translation elongation factor Tu promoter (Tuf) having the sequence of (5′ to 3′) of

(SEQ ID NO: 74) AAAATAAGTAAAAAAGGTTTACATTTTCAAACTATTTAGTATAATTAGC AAAGGATATTTTCGTTAGGCAATTTCGCTTAAGCTTTTTTACTAGGCAT TTGCCGAAGAAAGTAGTACAATATTCAACAGAGAATTATCCGTTAACTT ATCTCAACGGACTTCTTGCAAATTTACAGGAGGGTCATTTTA; an Enolase promoter having the sequence of (5′ to 3′) of

(SEQ ID NO: 75) TTTAGATTCCTTATTTTTTGTATTTATTTTAATACATATATTATAGTCC TTTGATATAGAGTTTTTTAGGCTGCTTTACTAATTTTTAAAATGTAAAC CGCTTTCATATGTTTACACCGTCACAAAGTTAGGCTAAAATTTGAGATG TAAAGCGGAGCAAAAATTGTTCCGTATGGTATGAAAAACATACCATAAT TTTTGAGGAGGTTTATTA; and/or a P6 promoter having the sequence of (5′ to 3′) of

(SEQ ID NO: 76) ATCTTAAGGAATTAGCTAATGAAGCTTGTTTTGTTTCAGAAACTGCTGA AGAAAACGAAAAATTAGTTAACGACTTAATGAAGAAAATTAACAAGTAA TTTTCAAAAAGAGACCATCTGGTCTCTTTTTTTATATTTTTAAGTAAAA CAAATAATTTCTTCACAAATAATTCACGCTTTATTTTTAGAATATAAGT AGTTGTAAGTATAAAAGATAAAATGAGTACTTACAAAAAAGAAGTTAGT ATGTTATACTGATTATAAGTTAAAGAACGTATACAAATATTTGTTCTGA GGAGCGTGATTTTTATGGTAGATTTATATGTCTCTCCTAGTTGTACCTC ATGTCGTAAGGCAAGAGCATGGCTTGAAAAACATAATATTCCATTTAAG GAAAGAAACATTTTTTCTGAGCCATTAACTAAAGAAGAATTATTAAAGA TCCTCTAGAG.

Thus, in some embodiments, a promoter operably linked to a CRISPR array may be an endogenous L. crispatus CRISPR-Cas system promoter (native to the L. crispatus repeat sequences) (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:69 to 71). In some embodiments, the promoter may be a heterologous promoter (non-native to the L. crispatus repeat sequences) (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:72 to 76).

In some embodiments, a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a Cascade complex of the invention may be a L. crispatus CRISPR-Cas system promoter (native to the L. crispatus Cascade complex; e.g., SEQ ID NO:73) or it may be a heterologous promoter (non-native to the L. crispatus Cascade complex; e.g., SEQ ID NOs:69 to 72, or 74 to 76).

In some embodiments, a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be a L. crispatus CRISPR-Cas system promoter (native to the L. crispatus Cas3; e.g., SEQ ID NO:72) or it may be a heterologous promoter (non-native to the L. crispatus Cas3; e.g., SEQ ID NOs:69 to 71 or 73 to 76).

Non-limiting examples of a promoter functional in a plant include the promoter of the RubisCo small subunit gene 1 (PrbcS1), the promoter of the actin gene (Pactin), the promoter of the nitrate reductase gene (Pnr) and the promoter of duplicated carbonic anhydrase gene 1 (Pdca1) (See, Walker et al. Plant Cell Rep. 23:727-735 (2005); Li et al. Gene 403:132-142 (2007); Li et al. Mol Biol. Rep. 37:1143-1154 (2010)). PrbcS1 and Pactin are constitutive promoters and Pnr and Pdca1 are inducible promoters. Pnr is induced by nitrate and repressed by ammonium (Li et al. Gene 403:132-142 (2007)) and Pdca1 is induced by salt (Li et al. Mol Biol. Rep. 37:1143-1154 (2010)).

Examples of constitutive promoters useful for plants include, but are not limited to, cestrum virus promoter (cmp) (U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,770), the rice actin 1 promoter (Wang et al. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3399-3406; as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876), CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812), CaMV 19S promoter (Lawton et al. (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. 9:315-324), nos promoter (Ebert et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 84:5745-5749), Adh promoter (Walker et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6624-6629), sucrose synthase promoter (Yang & Russell (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4144-4148), and the ubiquitin promoter. The constitutive promoter derived from ubiquitin accumulates in many cell types. Ubiquitin promoters have been cloned from several plant species for use in transgenic plants, for example, sunflower (Binet et al., 1991. Plant Science 79: 87-94), maize (Christensen et al., 1989. Plant Molec. Biol. 12: 619-632), and Arabidopsis (Norris et al. 1993. Plant Molec. Biol. 21:895-906). The maize ubiquitin promoter (UbiP) has been developed in transgenic monocot systems and its sequence and vectors constructed for monocot transformation are disclosed in the patent publication EP 0 342 926. The ubiquitin promoter is suitable for the expression of the nucleotide sequences of the invention in transgenic plants, especially monocotyledons. Further, the promoter expression cassettes described by McElroy et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 150-160 (1991)) can be easily modified for the expression of the nucleotide sequences of the invention and are particularly suitable for use in monocotyledonous hosts.

In some embodiments, tissue specific/tissue preferred promoters can be used for expression of a heterologous polynucleotide in a plant cell. Non-limiting examples of tissue-specific promoters include those associated with genes encoding the seed storage proteins (such as β-conglycinin, cruciferin, napin and phaseolin), zein or oil body proteins (such as oleosin), or proteins involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (including acyl carrier protein, stearoyl-ACP desaturase and fatty acid desaturases (fad 2-1)), and other nucleic acids expressed during embryo development (such as Bce4, see, e.g., Kridl et al. (1991) Seed Sci. Res. 1:209-219; as well as EP Patent No. 255378). Additional examples of plant tissue-specific/tissue preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, the root hair-specific cis-elements (RHEs) (Kim et al. The Plant Cell 18:2958-2970 (2006)), the root-specific promoters RCc3 (Jeong et al. Plant Physiol. 153:185-197 (2010)) and RB7 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,252), the lectin promoter (Lindstrom et al. (1990) Der. Genet. 11:160-167; and Vodkin (1983) Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 138:87-98), corn alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promoter (Dennis et al. (1984) Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3983-4000), and/or S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS) (Vander Mijnsbrugge et al. (1996) Plant and Cell Physiology, 37(8):1108-1115).

In addition, promoters functional in chloroplasts can be used. Non-limiting examples of such promoters include the bacteriophage T3 gene 9 5′ UTR and other promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,516. Other promoters useful with the invention include but are not limited to the S-E9 small subunit RuBP carboxylase promoter and the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene promoter (Kti3).

In some embodiments of the invention, inducible promoters can be used. Thus, for example, chemical-regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in an organism through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Regulation of the expression of nucleotide sequences of the invention via promoters that are chemically regulated enables the RNAs and/or the polypeptides of the invention to be synthesized only when, for example, a crop of plants are treated with the inducing chemicals. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemical-inducible promoter, where application of a chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. In some aspects, a promoter can also include a light-inducible promoter, where application of specific wavelengths of light induces gene expression (Levskaya et al. 2005. Nature 438:441-442). In other aspects, a promoter can include a light-repressible promoter, where application of specific wavelengths of light repress gene expression (Ye et al. 2011. Science 332:1565-1568).

Chemically inducible promoters useful with plants are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize In2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-1a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid (e.g., the PR1a system), steroid-responsive promoters (see, e.g., the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 88, 10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14, 247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, e.g., Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227, 229-237, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156, Lac repressor system promoters, copper-inducible system promoters, salicylate-inducible system promoters (e.g., the PR1a system), glucocorticoid-inducible promoters (Aoyama et al. (1997) Plant J. 11:605-612), and ecdysone-inducible system promoters.

In some embodiments, promoters useful with algae include, but are not limited to, the promoter of the RubisCo small subunit gene 1 (PrbcS1), the promoter of the actin gene (Pactin), the promoter of the nitrate reductase gene (Pnr) and the promoter of duplicated carbonic anhydrase gene 1 (Pdca1) (See, Walker et al. Plant Cell Rep. 23:727-735 (2005); Li et al. Gene 403:132-142 (2007); Li et al. Mol Biol. Rep. 37:1143-1154 (2010)), the promoter of the σ⁷⁰-type plastid rRNA gene (Prrn), the promoter of the psbA gene (encoding the photosystem-II reaction center protein D1) (PpsbA), the promoter of the psbD gene (encoding the photosystem-II reaction center protein D2) (PpsbD), the promoter of the psaA gene (encoding an apoprotein of photosystem I) (PpsaA), the promoter of the ATPase alpha subunit gene (PatpA), and promoter of the RuBisCo large subunit gene (PrbcL), and any combination thereof (See, e.g., De Cosa et al. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:71-74 (2001); Daniell et al. BMC Biotechnol. 9:33 (2009); Muto et al. BMC Biotechnol. 9:26 (2009); Surzycki et al. Biologicals 37:133-138 (2009)).

In some embodiments, a promoter useful with this invention can include, but is not limited to, poi III promoters such as the human U6 small nuclear promoter (U6) and the human H1 promoter (H1) (Mäkinen et al. J Gene Med. 8(4):433-41 (2006)), and pol II promoters such as the CMV (Cytomegalovirus) promoter (Barrow et al. Methods in Mol. Biol. 329:283-294 (2006)), the SV40 (Simian Virus 40)-derived initial promoter, the EF-1α (Elongation Factor-1α) promoter, the Ubc (Human Ubiquitin C) promoter, the PGK (Murine Phosphoglycerate Kinase-1) promoter and/or constitutive protein gene promoters such as the β-actin gene promoter, the tRNA promoter and the like.

Moreover, tissue-specific regulated nucleic acids and/or promoters as well as tumor-specific regulated nucleic acids and/or promoters have been reported. Thus, in some embodiments, tissue-specific or tumor-specific promoters can be used. Some reported tissue-specific nucleic acids include, without limitation, B29 (B cells), CD14 (monocytic cells), CD43 (leukocytes and platelets), CD45 (hematopoietic cells), CD68 (macrophages), desmin (muscle), elastase-1 (pancreatic acinar cells), endoglin (endothelial cells), fibronectin (differentiating cells and healing tissues), FLT-1 (endothelial cells), GFAP (astrocytes), GPIIb (megakaryocytes), ICAM-2 (endothelial cells), INF-β (hematopoietic cells), Mb (muscle), NPHSI (podocytes), OG-2 (osteoblasts, SP-B (lungs), SYN1 (neurons), and WASP (hematopoietic cells). Some reported tumor-specific nucleic acids and promoters include, without limitation, AFP (hepatocellular carcinoma), CCKAR (pancreatic cancer), CEA (epithelial cancer), c-erbB2 (breast and pancreatic cancer), COX-2, CXCR4, E2F-1, HE4, LP, MUC1 (carcinoma), PRC1 (breast cancer), PSA (prostate cancer), RRM2 (breast cancer), survivin, TRP1 (melanoma), and TYR (melanoma).

In some embodiments, inducible promoters can be used. Examples of inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, tetracycline repressor system promoters, Lac repressor system promoters, copper-inducible system promoters, salicylate-inducible system promoters (e.g., the PR1a system), glucocorticoid-inducible promoters, and ecdysone-inducible system promoters.

In some embodiments of this invention, one or more terminators may be operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a Cascade complex, a polynucleotide encoding Cas3 polypeptides, and/or a CRISPR array of the invention. In some embodiments, a terminator sequence may be operably linked to the 3′ end of a terminal repeat in a CRISPR array.

In some embodiments, when comprised in the same nucleic acid construct (e.g., expression cassette), each of the CRISPR array, recombinant nucleic acid encoding a Cascade complex, and/or recombinant nucleic acid encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be operably linked to separate (independent) terminators (that may be the same terminator or a different terminator) or to a single terminator. In some embodiments, only the CRISPR array may be operably linked to a terminator. Thus, in some embodiments, a terminator sequence may be operably linked to the 3′ end of a CRISPR array (e.g., linked to the 3′ end of the repeat sequence located at the 3′ end of the CRISPR array).

Any terminator that is useful for defining the end of a transcriptional unit (such as the end of a CRISPR array, a Cas 3, or a Cascade) and initiating the process of releasing the newly synthesized RNA from the transcription machinery may be used with this invention (e.g., an terminator that is functional with a polynucleotide comprising a CRISPR array, a polynucleotide encoding a Cascade complex and/or polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 of the invention may be utilized (e.g., that can define the end of a transcriptional unit (such as the end of a CRISPR array, Cascade complex or Cas3) and initiate the process of releasing the newly synthesized RNA from the transcription machinery).

A non-limiting example of a terminator useful with this invention may be a Rho-independent terminator sequence. In some embodiments, a Rho-independent terminator sequence from L. crispatus may be the nucleotide sequence of (5′-3′) AAAAAAAAACCCCGCCCCTGACAGGGCGGGGTTTTTTTT (SEQ ID NO:77). Further non-limiting examples of useful L. crispatus terminator sequences (5′-3′) include:

(SEQ ID NO: 78) CAAAAAAAGCATGAGAATTAATTTTCTCATGCTTTTTTG; (SEQ ID NO: 79) AAAAAAGATGCACTTCTTCACAGGAGCGCATCTTTTTT; (SEQ ID NO: 80) CAAAAAGAGCGGCTATAGGCCGCTTTTTTTGC; and/or (SEQ ID NO: 81) GTAAAAATGGCTTGCGTGTTGCAAGCCATTTTTTTAC.

In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention may be an “expression cassette” or may be comprised within an expression cassette. As used herein, “expression cassette” means a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide of interest (e.g., the Cascade complexes, polynucleotides encoding Cas3 polypeptides, and/or CRISPR arrays of the invention), wherein said polynucleotide of interest is operably associated with at least one control sequence (e.g., a promoter). Thus, some aspects of the invention provide expression cassettes designed to express the polynucleotides of the invention (e.g., the Cascade complexes, polynucleotides encoding Cas3 polypeptides, and/or CRISPR arrays of the invention).

An expression cassette comprising a nucleotide sequence of interest may be chimeric, meaning that at least one of its components is heterologous with respect to at least one of its other components. An expression cassette may also be one that is naturally occurring but has been obtained in a recombinant form useful for heterologous expression.

An expression cassette may also optionally include a transcriptional and/or translational termination region (i.e., termination region) that is functional in the selected host cell. A variety of transcriptional terminators are available for use in expression cassettes and are responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest and correct mRNA polyadenylation. The termination region may be native to the transcriptional initiation region, may be native to the operably linked polynucleotide of interest, may be native to the host cell, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, to the polynucleotide of interest, to the host, or any combination thereof).

An expression cassette (e.g., recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention) may also include a nucleotide sequence for a selectable marker, which can be used to select a transformed host cell (e.g., force a cell to acquire and keep an introduced nucleic acid (e.g., expression cassette, vector (e.g., plasmid) comprising the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention)). As used herein, “selectable marker” means a nucleotide sequence that when expressed imparts a distinct phenotype to the host cell expressing the marker and thus allows such transformed cells to be distinguished from those that do not have the marker. Such a nucleotide sequence may encode either a selectable or screenable marker, depending on whether the marker confers a trait that can be selected for by chemical means, such as by using a selective agent (e.g., an antibiotic and the like), or on whether the marker is simply a trait that one can identify through observation or testing, such as by screening (e.g., fluorescence). Of course, many examples of suitable selectable markers are known in the art and can be used in the expression cassettes described herein. In some embodiments, a selectable marker useful with this invention includes polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide conferring resistance to an antibiotic. Non-limiting examples of antibiotics useful with this invention include tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and/or erythromycin. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a gene for resistance to an antibiotic may be introduced into the organism, thereby conferring resistance to the antibiotic to that organism.

In addition to expression cassettes, the nucleic acid construct and nucleotide sequences described herein may be used in connection with vectors. The term “vector” refers to a composition for transferring, delivering or introducing a nucleic acid (or nucleic acids) into a cell. A vector comprises a nucleic acid construct comprising the nucleotide sequence(s) to be transferred, delivered or introduced. Vectors for use in transformation of host organisms are well known in the art. Non-limiting examples of general classes of vectors include but are not limited to a viral vector, a plasmid vector, a phage vector, a phagemid vector, a cosmid vector, a fosmid vector, a bacteriophage, an artificial chromosome, or an Agrobacterium binary vector in double or single stranded linear or circular form which may or may not be self transmissible or mobilizable. A vector as defined herein can transform a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host either by integration into the cellular genome or exist extrachromosomally (e.g. autonomous replicating plasmid with an origin of replication). Additionally included are shuttle vectors by which is meant a DNA vehicle capable, naturally or by design, of replication in two different host organisms, which may be selected from actinomycetes and related species, bacteria and eukaryotic (e.g. higher plant, mammalian, yeast or fungal cells). A nucleic acid construct in the vector may be under the control of, and operably linked to, an appropriate promoter or other regulatory elements for transcription in a host cell. The vector may be a bi-functional expression vector which functions in multiple hosts. In the case of genomic DNA, this may contain its own promoter or other regulatory elements and in the case of cDNA this may be under the control of an appropriate promoter or other regulatory elements for expression in the host cell. Accordingly, the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of this invention and/or expression cassettes comprising the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of this invention may be comprised in vectors as described herein and as known in the art.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the invention provides a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer sequence(s), wherein each spacer sequence and each repeat sequence have a 5′ end and a 3′ end and each spacer sequence is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and the spacer sequence is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA of a target organism that is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). A CRISPR array of the present invention comprises a minimum of two repeats, flanking a spacer, to be expressed as a premature CRISPR RNA (pre-crRNA) that will be processed internally in the cell to constitute the final mature CRISPR RNA (crRNA). As an example, FIG. 8D shows a precrRNA (GUAUUCUCCACGUGUGUGGAGGUGAUCC

GUAUUCUCCACGUGUGUGGAGGUGAUCC) (RNA equivalent of SEQ ID NO:89) and processed crRNA (GUGAUCC

GCCGGGUAUUCUCCACGUG UGUGGAG) (RNA equivalent of SEQ ID NO:90), wherein the crRNA is processed generating the mature crRNA with a 5′ handle consisting of 7-nt (5′GUGAUCC-tag). The spacer region (italicized nucleotides) is exchangeable to target a nucleic acid of interest).

In some embodiments, a repeat sequence (i.e., CRISPR repeat sequence) as used herein may comprise any known repeat sequence of a wild-type Lactobacillus crispatus CRISPR Type I loci. In some embodiments, a repeat sequence useful with the invention may include a synthetic repeat sequence having a different nucleotide sequence than those known in the art for L. crispatus but sharing similar structure to that of the wild-type L. crispatus repeat sequences of a hairpin structure with a loop region. Thus, in some embodiments, a repeat sequence may be identical to (i.e., having 100% identity) or substantially identical (e.g., having 80% to 99% identity (e.g., 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% identity)) to a repeat sequence from a wild-type L. crispatus CRISPR Type I loci.

The length of a CRISPR repeat sequence useful with this invention may be the full length of a L. crispatus repeat (i.e., 28 nucleotides) (see, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1, 10, 19, 28, 37, 42, 51, or 60). In some embodiments, a repeat sequence may comprise a portion of a wild type L. crispatus repeat nucleotide sequence, the portion being reduced in length by as much as 7 or 8 nucleotides from the 3′ end as compared to a wild type L. crispatus repeat (e.g., comprising about 21 to 28 contiguous nucleotides from the 5′ end of a wild type L. crispatus CRISPR Type I loci repeat sequence; e.g., about 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 contiguous nucleotides from the 5′ end, or any range or value therein). In some embodiments, a repeat sequence may be reduced in length by 7 nucleotides from the 3′ end as compared to a wild type L. crispatus repeat and therefore, may be about 21 nucleotides in length (e.g., GTATTCTCCACGTGTGTGGAG) (nucleotides 1-21 of SEQ ID NO:1).

Thus, in some embodiments, a repeat sequence may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of any of the nucleotide sequences of GTATTCTCCACGTGTGTGGAGGTGATCC (SEQ ID NO:1), GTATTCTCCAC

TGTGGAGGTGATCC (SEQ ID NO:10), GTATTCTCCAC

TGTGGAGGTGATCC (SEQ ID NO:19), GTATTCTCCAC

TGTGGAGGTGATCC (SEQ ID NO:28), GTATTCTCCAC

TGTGGAGGTCATCC (SEQ ID NO:37), GTATTCTCCAC

TGTGGGGATCCTAT (SEQ ID NO:42), GTATTCTCCACG

GTGGAGGTGATCCC (SEQ ID NO:51), GTATTCTCCAC

TGTGGAGGTGATCCT (SEQ ID NO:60) (the bold and italicize nucleotides indicate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as compared to SEQ ID NO:1). In some embodiments, a repeat sequence may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a portion of contiguous nucleotides (e.g., about 20 to 27 contiguous nucleotides) of any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1, 10, 19, 28, 37, 42, 51, or 60 (see, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:2-9, 11-18, 20-27, 29-36, 38-41, 43-50, 52-59, 61-68). In some embodiments, a repeat sequence useful with the invention may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs:1 to 68 (100% identical). In some embodiments, the repeat sequence may comprise a “handle” or portion of a repeat sequence. In some embodiments, a handle may comprise 7 nucleotides from the 3′ end of a wild type repeat sequence. In some embodiments, a handle may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the nucleotide sequence of GTGATCC (GUGAUCC).

In some embodiments, the two or more repeat sequences in a CRISPR array may comprise the same repeat sequence, may comprise different repeat sequences, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, each of the two or more repeat sequences in a single CRISPR array may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the same repeat sequence. In some embodiments, each of the two or more repeat sequences in a single array may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the same sequence with the exception of the sequence of the terminal (most 3′) repeat, which may be mutated at its 3′ end (most 3′ nucleotide of the terminal repeat). As a non-limiting example of such a mutation, the last nucleotides of the CRISPR repeat may be mutated from a C to a T/AIG, or the mutation may consist of an addition of a nucleotide, such as a C (see SEQ ID NO:51) or T (see SEQ ID NO:52).

A CRISPR array of the invention may comprise one spacer sequence or more than one spacer sequence, wherein each spacer sequence is flanked by a repeat sequence. When more than one spacer sequence is present in a CRISPR array of the invention, each spacer sequence is separated from the next spacer sequence by a repeat sequence (or a portion thereof; e.g., a handle). Thus, each spacer sequence is linked at the 3′ end and at the 5′ end to a repeat sequence. The repeat sequence that is linked to each end of the one or more spacers may be the same repeat sequence or it may be a different repeat sequence or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more spacer sequences of the present invention may be about 25 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides in length (e.g., about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 nucleotides in length, and any value or range therein). In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be a length of about 25 to about 35 nucleotides (e.g., about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 nucleotides in length, and any value or range therein) or about 30 to about 35 nucleotides (e.g., about 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 nucleotides in length, and any value or range therein). In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a length of about 33 nucleotides.

In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be fully complementary to a target sequence (e.g., 100% complementary to a target sequence across its full length). In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be substantially complementary (e.g., at least about 80% complementary (e.g., about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.5%, or more complementary)) to a target sequence from a target genome. Thus, in some embodiments, a spacer sequence may have one, two, three, four, five or more mismatches that may be contiguous or noncontiguous as compared to a target sequence from a target genome. In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be about 80% to 100% (e.g., about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100)) complementary to a target sequence from a target genome. In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be about 85% to 100% (e.g., about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%)) complementary to a target sequence from a target genome. In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be about 90% to 100% (e.g., about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%)) complementary to a target sequence from a target genome. In some embodiments, a spacer sequence may be about 95% to 100% (e.g., about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.5% or 100%) complementary to a target sequence from a target genome.

In some embodiments, the 5′ region of a spacer sequence may be fully complementary to a target sequence while the 3′ region of the spacer sequence may be substantially complementary to the target sequence. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the 5′ region of a spacer sequence (e.g., the first 8 nucleotides at the 5′ end, the first 10 nucleotides at the 5′ end, the first 15 nucleotides at the 5′ end, the first 20 nucleotides at the 5′ end) may be about 100% complementary to a target sequence, while the remainder of the spacer sequence may be about 80% or more complementary to the target sequence.

In some embodiments, at least the first eight contiguous nucleotides at the 5′ end of a spacer sequence of the invention are fully complementary to the portion of the target sequence adjacent to the PAM (termed a “seed sequence”). Thus, in some embodiments, the seed sequence may comprise the first 8 nucleotides of the 5′ end of each of one or more spacer sequence(s), which first 8 nucleotides are fully complementary (100%) to the target sequence, and the remaining portion of the one or more spacer sequence(s) (3′ to the seed sequence) may be at least about 80% complementarity (e.g., about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% complementarity) to the target sequence. Thus, for example, a spacer sequence having a length of 28 nucleotides may comprise a seed sequence of eight contiguous nucleotides located at the 5′ end of the spacer sequence, which is 100% complementary to the target sequence, while the remaining 20 nucleotides may be about 80% to about 100% complimentary to the target sequence (e.g., 0 to 4 non-complementary nucleotides out of the remaining 20 in the spacer sequence). As another example, a spacer sequence having a length of 33 nucleotides may comprise a seed sequence of eight nucleotides from the 5′ end, which is 100% complementary to the target sequence, while the remaining 25 nucleotides may be at least about 80% (e.g., 0 to 5 non-complementary nucleotides out of the remaining 25 nucleotides in the spacer sequence).

A CRISPR array of the invention comprising more than one spacer sequence may be designed to target one or more than one target sequence (protospacer). Thus, in some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises a CRISPR array that comprises at least two spacer sequences, the at least two spacer sequences may be complementary to two or more different target sequences. In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises a CRISPR array that comprises at least two spacer sequences, the at least two spacer sequences may be complementary to the same target sequence. In some embodiments, a CRISPR array comprising at least two spacer sequences, the at least two spacer sequences may be complementary different portions of one gene.

In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention may further encode a Type I-E CRISPR associated complex for antiviral defense complex (Cascade complex) comprising: a Cse1 polypeptide, a Cse2 polypeptide, a Cas7 polypeptide, a Cas5 polypeptide and a Cas6 polypeptide.

In some embodiments, a Cse1 polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 82) ATGAATAATGATTTAAGCTTCAATCTGGTTACTGATCCTTGGATTAAAG TCCTGAAAAAGGATTATACCGAAAGTGAGGTCTCTTTGAATGAACTTTT TAGTAATTCTGAAGAGTATCTTCAGCTTGCTGGTGATATGAAATCACAA GACTTAGCGATTCTCAGATTATTGTTGGCTATTTTACTGTCAGTTTATA CTAGATTCGATGCAGATGATACGCCATACTCATGGCTGGATTTAGATGA CAAATGGCGAGTGACTCGGACAGATAATGATGGCTTCAACTCTCAAAAA CTAAAACTGGGAGACACTTGGAGAAGTCTATATGATCAAAAAACTTTTT CAAAAAAAGTATTTGATTATCTAAATCTTTATCAGGCTAAGTTTAATTT ATTTGGTGAAGATCCTTTTTATCAAGTTAATCGTCAAGTCTATGACCAA AATGTGCCGGAAAATAAAAAGGTAGCTAAAGGTGCGGGTACAGTATCAG TTAAACAAATTAATCGACTTATTTCTGAAAGCAATAACAGCCCGGCACT GTTTTCACCTAAATCAGGTATTGAAAAAGATAGTGTTAATAATGCGGAA TTAGTTCGCTGGTTAATTACTTACCAAAACTTCACAGGTGTTACTGATA AGACCAAAGTTAAGTCAAAGGATAAGTTCTCTGTTTCTCCTGGTTGGTT GTATTCAATTAATCCTGTTTATATTAAAGGTAAAACTTTATTTGACACG TTGATGTTAAATCTAAGCTTAGTTACCAATGATTCTGCAGATGGAACAA ACTGGCTAAACTCACAAAGACCAGTGTGGGAATACGATGATATTAATGA TTATCTTCAACAAAGATTGAATGGAGTGTATCCTGACAATTTGTCTGAA TTATATACTGTCTGGTCTAGAATGATTCATATTGATTGGCAAAATGGTC AGCCAGTTATATTTAGCGCAGGACTGCCTAAGTTAGATAGTGAAAAACA ATTCCTAGAGCCAATGACGACTTGGCGTAAAAATAAAGATGGTGTTGTA TATCCAGCTGCCAAGAATAAAAATAATATAAATGTCGCTATGTGGCGTA ATTTTGGTCAGTATATAAGGACTAAAGAAGATAATAACAACGAAAAAAA GATAAAAATAATCACAGAATTCCAGGAGTTATTGGTTGGATTCAGGAAT TGAAAATGCATAATCAAATTTCCAAGCATACTAACATCAATATAGTTAC AGTAGCTATGATAAGTGATGGAAATGCTACATCTCAATCACCTTATGCG GAAATCACTGATAATATGCAAGCTAAGGCAGGGATCCTTTTTGATGATG AGCCTATGTTTGAAAATCGGTGGCAAGATAAGATTGAAGAAGAAGTATT ATTAGCACAAAAGGTTGTGGCTTATTTCTATTGGTTTGCAAAAGATATA TCGAACATTCAAACCCATAGCGAGAAGAAAAAAAGTAATGATGATTGGG CAAGTCGAAAGGTAGCGCAACTTTATGACGAACTGAATCAGCCATTTTA CACTTGGCTTTCTGGATTAGATATAAATCAAGACCGTAATGTCAAAATT AAAGAATGGCGTGAAACTTTAAATCGTCTTGTTGCAACGCAAGCTAAAA ATATTTTTATCAATGCAACTGCTGATGAAATCATTGGCGGGAAGGAAGA CAATATTTTTACAATTTATAATAAACTACGCAGAAACGTCTATGTTTGT CTCGGATTAAAATAA.

In some embodiments, a Cse1 polypeptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:109.

In some embodiments, a Cse2 polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 83) ATGAGTGATGCTTATACTGCTACGGCACGAATAATTAATCAGCTGTATG GTGATGGAACTCCTGATAAAGGTGCTTTGGCTGAACTTAGAAGGACAAC AGCTATCACCGATAAAGGCGCTGAAAAAATCTGGCCTTTAATTTTTTCA GTCGTGCCTAAATTAAGTACAAATGGAAAGCCTACAAAGCTTGAAACAG CAGTTTATACTGCTCTTCACTGTTATGCTGCATTTCAACAAGGGAATGA TTCATTTGTCTTTGGTCAAATTCCTAGATCAAAAGATAAGGAAGAATCT GGAGAAAATGGTGTATCTCTTTTTACTGCACTGAGGAAAATGAAAATAA ACGACTCTAACGAAAAGAAGGCTTTAGATAGGCGAGTAACAGCTTTATT AGCAACTACAAATATCAGCAGTGCCACCAATTCAATTAATCATCTAGTA AGTATTCTTAAAGGAAAGAAAATGGGTGAAAAGATTGACTTTGCTCAAT TGGCGGAAGACTTGTATAACTTTCAGTGGAGTACGAAAAATGCAAGATT CGTTGCCTTGAAGTGGGGAAAAGATTACTACTGGAACGTTTATAAGCTG GCATCAGACAACGATTAG.

In some embodiments, a Cse2 polypeptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:110.

In some embodiments, a Cas7 polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 84) ATGAATAAGAATCTTTATATGGACATTAATGTATTGCAAACTGTACCAT CATCAAATATCAATAGAGATGACACTGGTTCACCTAAAACAGCTATTTA TGGTGGCGTGACTCGGTCAAGAGTTTCTTCACAAAGCTGGAAGAGAGCA ATGCGTTTAGCCTTTAAACAAGACTCAGAAAATGAAGAGTGGCTTAAGA GCTATAGAACTTTGAAAACAGCTAGTCTTTTGGCGAATAAGTTACAAGA ACTAGATTCAAATTTAAGTGAAGAAGATGCTTTAAAGAAAGTTGAAGAA GTCTTTAAAGTAGCTGGAATCAAATTAAAAAAGGACAAGAAAACGGGCG AAATGTTAACTGGAGCACTACTACTAGTAAGTGAAGGGCAACTCGAAAA GATCGCTAAACTTGCTTTGTCTGTTGATCAAATAGATAAAGATACAGCT AAAGAAATTAAGAAAAATTTGATGGAAGATCAATCTCTAGATTTAGCTT TATTTGGAAGAATGGTGGCAGATAATCCAGAATTGAATGTGGATGCTTC TAGTCAAGTGGCTCATGCAATTTCCACTCATGAAGTTACTCCAGAATTT GATTATTACACTGCAGTTGATGATGCAAATACGAAAAGCCAAACAGGTT CTGCAATGCTTGGTACGATTGAATATAATTCATCTACTTTATACAGATA TGCCAATGTTAACATTCTTGATTTATTGCACAATCTTGGTAATAAAGAT TTGACTATTGAGGGAATTAAGCTTTTTATCAAAGAATTTGTTTTGACAA TGCCGACTGGTAAGGAAAATACTTTTGCTAATAAAACACTCCCTCAATA CGTTATGATTAATGTTCGTACTGATACACCTGTTAACCTAGTATCTGCA TTTGAAACACCAGTTAGATCTGAAGGCGGATACGTTGATAAATCTATCA ATCGATTAGAGGATGAATATAAAAATTCTTTGAAATTTGTAGATAAGCC TGTGTTTAATGTCGAATTGACGAATAGTGAGAATATAGTCGACAATCAG GCTGAAAATATTGATGATTTAATTAATCAAACTGCTGAATTCGTAAAAC AGGAGTTAGAAAATGAAGACAGCAACGATTAG.

In some embodiments, a Cas7 polypeptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:111.

In some embodiments, a Cas5 polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 85) ATGAAGACAGCAACGATTAGATTGACTGCGCCACTTCAGTCTTATGGCA ATCCCGCATCTTTTAACCAAAGAACTAGTGATAGTTATCCAACTAAAAG CGCTATTGTAGGTATGATTGCAGCTGCATTGGGCTACGCAAGAGAAGAT AATGAAAAAACTTTGGAGCTAAATAATTTATTATTTGCTGTTCGAATTG AGCAATCAGGCAAAATGTTGACAGAGTTTCAAACAGTGGAATACAGAAA GAGTGCAAGCAAGACTGCTCGAAAGTTAACGTATCGTGATTTTATTCAA GATGGAGTTTTCATGGTAGCAATTGGCAGCGATGATGATCAATTGATCG AAAACATCAAAGAAGCACTTGAACATCCAAAATTTCAGCTTTATTTAGG AAGACGGTCTAATCCGCCAGCTGGTCCACTTAAAATTGATATTTTTAAT GGAAGAAATCCCTTACAAGTACTAGAAGATTTGCCTTGGCAAGCTTCAG ATTGGTATAAGAGGAGCTTTAAGACGTCACAATTTCTAACTAGAATAAT TGCTGATGCTAGTTTAGATTCTGAAAGTACCCCCTTAATGAAAAAAGAT AAAGTGGGCTCTTTTGATCAAAAAGATAGATATTATCAATATCGTCCTG TCGTAATCAAAAAAGCAGTTAAACTTAAAAATTCAGAAAATAATCAGAC AGCAGATAATACTGATTGGGATTTTTGGTCATTTGTGTAG.

In some embodiments, a Cas5 polypeptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:112.

In some embodiments, a Cas6 polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 86) ATGTATATTTCGAGAGTTGAAATTGATACTAACAACCGACAAAAAATTA GGGATTTGTATCATTTAGGTGCTTATCATAATTGGGTTGAAAATTGCTT TCCAGATGAATTAAAGAAAAAAGTAAGATTACGCCATTTATGGAGAATT GATGAATTAAATGGTAAAAAGTATTTACTTGTTTTAAGTGAAGAAAAGC CAAAATTAGATAAGCTTGAAAGATATGGTCTTGCCAATACGGCAGAGAC GGGCTAATCCTTCATATAGAATTACAGATGCAAAAACCGGTAAATCAAA AGTAGTACCGCATATTACTGTTTTGCAGCAAACTAAGTGGTTATTAGAT CGATCAGAAAAATATGGTTTTGATTTAGTTAAATCAGAAGATGACGAAG AAACATATGAAATGAATATTACGTCAAGAGATTGGCCACGATTACGCCG CAAGGGCAATAAAATAGTAAAATTAAGTCGTGTTACTTTTGAAGGCTTA TTAGAGATTAAGGATTTGCAACAATTTAAGCAGGCAATGGTAACTGGTA TAGGGCGTGAAAAAGCTTTTGGGATGGGACTACTCACTGTAATTCCAAT GGAATAA.

In some embodiments, a Cas6 polypeptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:113.

In contrast to the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the present invention, a wild type Cascade complex (e.g., a wild type L. crispatus Cascade complex) further comprises Cas1 and Cas2 (see, SEQ ID NOs:114 and 115, respectively), which are responsible for spacer acquisition in wild type CRISPR-Cas systems.

In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention may further comprise a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide. In some embodiments, a Cas3 polypeptide may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 87) ATGACAAATTTATCAAATACCACCCTGTCTTTATGGGGTAAAAAGAATA TTAATGAAGATAGCGAAGAAGTATGGTTACCCTTAATCGCTCACTTAAT TGACACAAAAAATGTTATTGGATGGTTATATAATCATTGGCTTAATGAC GGCCAAAGATGCATTTTGAGTCAGGGTTTTGAAAACTCAAATGAAGTTC AGAATCTTGTTGAATTTATTGGATACATTCATGATATTGGTAAGGCTAC GCCTGCTTTTCAAATTAAGCAATCGTTTATCCATAATGAAGATTTAGAC CAGGATCTGTTAGAGAGATTATTACAAAATGGATTTGATAATTTAGAAG AATTAAAGGCAAATATGGATACTAGACACTGGCTCCACGCTCTGGCTGG TGAAGTGATCTTAGAAAATAGTGGGCTAAATGAAAGTATTGGCGCTATA GTTGGCGGGCACCATGGTAAACCACAAAATAAGTATTTTGACTATGAAG ATCAACTGATGGATGATACTTCTAAATATTATCAATCAGATTCTTGGGC CGAAAATCCAACTAGAGAAAAATGGGAAAATGTACAAAAAGAGATCATC AATTATGGTTTAGATTTGTGTAATTTTAAAAATTTAGAAGATATACCTA CAGTTACTGACTCACAAGCAGTAATTTTAGAAGGCCTAGTCATTATGGC CGACTGGTTGGCATCTAGTGAATATACAATTAAAGATGGTAAGCGTGTT AGCATGTTTCCATTAATCTCGATGGATCAAGGTTTTAGCGATATTGATA TGACATCAAGATATCAACAAGGAATTTTAAATTGGCTTAAAACAGATTC CTGGACGCCTCAATTGATAGTCGATACTAAAGAGCAATATCAAAAACGC TGGAATTTTGATCCAAGACAAGTTCAGGAACAAATGTCTCAAGCAATCG GAGATAGTGTGGATCCTAGCATGATTATCGTTGAAGCCCCGATGGGTAT TGGTAAAACTGAAATAGCTTTAACCGCTGTTGAGCAATTAGCTGCTAAG ACCGGTATCAATGGCCTGTTTTTTGGCTTGCCAACTCAGGCTACTGCAA ATGCAATGTTTGATAGAGTAGATAACTGGCTGGGGAATATTGCCAAAGA ACAGAGCGAAAATCTTTCTATTAAATTGATGCATGGAAAGGCACAGTTT AATCAAAAATATCACAATATTCCTGATGCTGATGATATTGAAACCGATG AAGGTGCAGTTGTTGTTAATCAGTGGTTTAATGGTAAAAAGTCAATATT AACTGACTTTGTAATTGGAACTATTGATCAATTGCTTTTGATGGGCTTG AAGCAAAAGCATCTGGCCTTAAGACATTTAGGGCTAAGCGGAAAAATAG TTGTAATTGACGAGGTTCATGCTTATGACGTATATATGAGTTCCTATCT TGAAAAGGCAATAGAGTGGTTGGGGGCATATCATGTACCAGTTGTTGCT TTGTCGGCTACGCTTCCAGTTGATAAAAGAAATGAACTTCTTACAGCAT ATTGTAGAGGAAAATATGGCAGTGAAAAATTTAAAGCTCAAAATACTAA TTGGCAAACTTGTCAAGCATATCCCTTATTAAGTATTTTGGATGGCAAA GTTTTAAAACAAAAGTCAGACTTTTCTACTAAAGCTGATGATACTACAG TTAAAGTTACTCGCTTAAGCATTGAAAATTACGATTTAATTGAAAAGAT TAATGATCAAATTGAAGATGGCGGTGTCGCAGGTGTCATAGTTAATACG GTAAAGCGAGCACAAGAATTGGCAAAAATTGCTGAAAAAGAGTGCTCTG AAGATACGCAAATTTTGGTGCTTCATTCCGCATTTTTGGCTAATGATCG TAGTAATTTAGAGTCCAAATTGGAAAAGTCAATTGGAAATCACCAAAAA CGTCCAAAGAAAATGATAGTAATTGGCACGCAAGTGCTCGAACAATCTT TGGATATCGATTTTGATGTTATGTATACGGATATTGCACCAATAGACTT GATTTTACAAAGAGCGGGTCGTTTGCATCGTCATCAAGTTAAGCGCCCA GACAAATTAATTGAGCCTCAACTATTCATTATGGGTATTAATTCTAATG GGGACTATGGGGATGCAAATCAAGCAATATATGAGAAATATCTTTTAAT TAAGACGGATCATTTCTTAAAAGACAATATCAAATTACCTAGTGATATT TCTAATTTGGTTCAAAAGGTATATTCAGCGGATACTGATAATGAAGTAC AAGATCTTCAGGAAGCGGAAGTTAAGAAATTCAACATTGATCAGGAAAA GGCAGAACAAAAATCGAAAGGGTATCAAATTAGAGCCCCAAGAGTTGAA AAAACTTTACACGGTTGGCTTGATAATGATAGTGACACTGATCTAAATG ATGTTAAAGCAGAGGCTGCTGTCAGAGATACGAATGAAACAATCGAGGT TCTTTTGCTAAAAAAAGATGCCGATGGATTTTATTTAATGGATGGGCGA AAAGTGGATGAAGAAGTTCCTGATAGCGTTGTTGCTCAGCAGTTGATTA GGCTGCCCCATGCATTAACGATGGATATAAACCAATCTATACGAAATTT GGAACGAGATACTATTAGTAATTTTCCTGAATGGCAGAACAGTTCCTGG TTAAAGGGCTCGGTAGCTTTAATTCTTGATGCCAATAATGAGACAGAAT TTAATGGATATAAAATTAAGTATTCATCTGACTTGGGGTTATCGTACGA AAAATAG

In some embodiments, a Cas3 polypeptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:116.

In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention may be comprised in a vector (e.g., a plasmid, a bacteriophage, and/or a retrovirus. Thus, in some embodiments, the invention further provides vectors, plasmids, bacteriophage, and/or retroviruses comprising the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention.

Plasmids useful with the invention may be dependent on the target organism, that is, dependent on where the plasmid is to replicate. Non-limiting examples of plasmids that express in Lactobacillus include pNZ and derivatives, pGK12 and derivatives, pTRK687 and derivatives, pTRKH2 and derivatives, pIL252, and/or pIL253. Additional, non-limiting plasmids of interest include pORI-based plasmids or other derivatives and homologs.

The compositions (e.g., recombinant nucleic acid constructs) of the present invention may be used in methods for killing bacterial and archaeal cells. For use in such methods, the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention may be introduced into a cell of an organism. In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention may be stably introduced or it may be transiently introduced into a bacterial or archaeal cell.

Methods of Killing

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a method of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells: (a) a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in the genome of the bacterial and/or archaeal cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is a genomic sequence that is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells and the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM); (b) a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Type I-E CRISPR associated complex for antiviral defense complex (Cascade complex) comprising: a Cse1 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:82, a Cse2 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:83, a Cas7 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:84, a Cas5 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:85, and a Cas6 polypeptide encoded by encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:86; and (c) a Cas3 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide, thereby killing one or more cells in the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome. In some embodiments, a target sequence may be an essential and/or non-expendable, or a non-essential and/or expendable, genomic sequence located on a chromosome. In some embodiments, a target sequence may be an essential and/or non-expendable genomic sequence located on a chromosome.

In some embodiments, when a bacterial cell and/or archaeal cell comprises an endogenous CRISPR-Cas system that is compatible with the recombinant CRISPR arrays of the invention (e.g., a Type I-E CRISPR Cas system; e.g., a L. crispatus Type I-E CRISPR Cas system), the endogenous CRISPR-Cas system of a cell (e. g., endogenous Cascade complex, endogenous Cas3) may be co-opted for use with the recombinant CRISPR arrays of the invention (e.g., the recombinant nucleic acid constructs comprising a CRISPR array) for the purpose of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells.

Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise an endogenous Type I-E Clustered Regularly interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system (e.g., a endogenous CRISPR-Cas system comprising an endogenous Cas3 and an endogenous Cascade functional with a CRISPR array of the invention), the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s) that target self (endogenous DNAs), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA in the one or more bacterial and/or archaeal cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells and the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), thereby killing the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell may be a Firmicute cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell may be a Firmicute cell encoding a Type I CRISPR-Cas system. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell may be a Lactobacillus app. cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell may be a Lactobacillus spp. cell encoding a Type I CRISPR-Cas system. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell may be a Lactobacillus crispatus cell.

Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of killing one or more cells in a population of Firmicute cells encoding a Type I CRISPR-Cas system, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of Firmicute cells a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA in the one or more Firmicute cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of Firmicute cells and the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), thereby killing the one or more cells within the population of Firmicute cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of killing one or more cells in a population of Lactobacillus spp, cells, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of Lactobacillus spp. cells a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA in the one or more Lactobacillus spp. cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of Lactobacillus spp. cells and the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), thereby killing the one or more cells within the population of Lactobacillus spp. cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of killing one or more cells in a population of Lactobacillus crispatus cells, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of Lactobacillus crispatus cells a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA in the one or more Lactobacillus crispatus cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of Lactobacillus crispatus cells and the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), thereby killing the one or more cells within the population of Lactobacillus crispatus cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.

In some embodiments, more than one CRISPR array may be introduced into a bacterial and/or archaeal cell using various combinations of the constructs as described herein. In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising one CRISPR array may be introduced into a bacterial and/or archaeal cell or a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising more than one CRISPR array may be introduced into a bacterial and/or archaeal cell. In some embodiments, more than one recombinant nucleic acid construct each comprising one CRISPR array or more than one CRISPR array may be introduced into a bacterial and/or archaeal cell.

When introduced into a target organism, a cell of a bacterium or archaeon, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and a Cas3 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be introduced into the cell of the bacterium or archaeon simultaneously, separately and/or sequentially, in any order. In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex may be introduced simultaneously on the same or on different expression cassettes and/or vectors. In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex are introduced simultaneously on the same expression cassette and/or vector. In some embodiments, when co-opting an endogenous CRISPR-Cas Type I-E system of a bacterium and/or archaeon (for example, when a bacterium or archaeon has an endogenous CRISPR-Cas system that is functional with the CRISPR arrays of the present invention) only recombinant nucleic acid constructs comprising a CRISPR array of the invention may be the introduced.

In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and/or a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 polypeptide are introduced into a bacterial or archaeal cell, they may be comprised in a single expression cassette and/or vector in any order. In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and/or a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 polypeptide are introduced into a cell, they may be comprised in two or three separate vectors and/or expression cassettes in any order. Thus, in some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex may be introduced on a single vector and/or expression cassette, while a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be introduced into the cell on a separate vector and/or expression cassette from that comprising the CRISPR array and Cascade complex. As another non-limiting example, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and (when present) a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be introduced on a single vector and/or expression cassette, while a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex may be introduced into the cell on a separate vector and/or expression cassette.

In some embodiments, a Cas3 may be introduced directly as a polypeptide (e.g., in a eukaryotic cell), and the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex may be introduced on a single vector and/or expression cassette, or the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex may be introduced on different vectors and/or expression cassettes. When more than one expression cassette and/or vector is used to introduce the constructs of the invention, each plasmid may encode different selection markers (e.g., may encode nucleic acids conferring resistance to different antibiotics) so that the transformed cell maintains each expression cassette/vector that is introduced.

Non-limiting examples of vectors useful with this invention include plasmids, bacteriophage, or retroviruses.

Cascade complex polypeptides and Cas3 polypeptides and the polynucleotides encoding the same are as described herein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a Cascade complex polypeptide may be any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:82 to 86. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide may be the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:87. Cascade complex polypeptides and Cas3 polypeptides may be introduced directly or they may be introduced as recombinant nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides see, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:108 to 113 (Cascade complex polypeptides); SEQ ID NO:116 (Cas3 polypeptide).

CRISPR repeat sequences useful with the invention are as described herein. In some embodiments, the two or more repeat sequences may comprise any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1 to 68, and any combination thereof.

As described herein, the constructs of the invention may optionally comprise regulatory elements, including, but not limited to, promoters and terminators. Promoters useful with the methods of the invention are as described herein, and include, but are not limited to the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:69 to 76, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, when more than one construct is introduced, promoters useful with the constructs may be any combination of heterologous and/or endogenous promoters.

Thus, in some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and when present, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 may be operably linked to a single promoter, in any order or in any combination thereof, or they may each be operably linked to independent (e.g, separate) promoters. In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex are present in the same expression cassette and/or vector, they may be operably linked to the same promoter. In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 are present in the same expression cassette or vector, the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex and the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a CRISPR array may be operably linked to the same promoter while the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 may be operably linked to a separate promoter; or the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex and the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 may be operably linked to the same promoter while the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a CRISPR array may be operably linked to a separate promoter. In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a CRISPR array and the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 may be operably linked to the same promoter while the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex may be operably linked to a separate promoter.

In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array may be operably linked to a terminator, and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and when present, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 may be optionally operably linked to a terminator. In some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and when present, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 may each be operably linked to a single terminator, in any order or in any combination thereof, or they may each be operably linked to independent (e.g, separate) terminators. In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex are present in the same expression cassette or vector, they may be operably linked to the same terminator. In some embodiments, when a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cas3 are present in the same expression cassette and/or vector, only the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a CRISPR array may be operably linked to a terminator sequence. Terminator sequences useful with the methods of the invention are as described herein. In some embodiments, a terminator sequence useful with the invention may include, but is not limited to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:77 to 81, and/or any combination thereof.

“Introducing,” “introduce,” “introduced” (and grammatical variations thereof) in the context of a polynucleotide of interest and a cell of an organism means presenting the polynucleotide of interest to the host organism or cell of said organism (e.g., host cell) in such a manner that the nucleotide sequence gains access to the interior of a cell and includes such terms as transformation,” “transfection,” and/or “transduction.” Transformation may be electrical (electroporation and electrotransformation), or chemical (with a chemical compound, and/or though modification of the pH and/or temperature in the growth environment. Where more than one nucleotide sequence is to be introduced these nucleotide sequences can be assembled as part of a single polynucleotide or nucleic acid construct, or as separate polynucleotide or nucleic acid constructs, and can be located on the same or different expression constructs or transformation vectors. Accordingly, these polynucleotides can be introduced into cells in a single transformation event, in separate transformation events, or, for example, they can be incorporated into an organism by conventional breeding or growth protocols. Thus, in some aspects of the present invention one or more recombinant nucleic acid constructs of this invention may be introduced into a host organism or a cell of said host organism.

The terms “transformation,” “transfection,” and “transduction” as used herein refer to the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid into a cell. Such introduction into a cell may be stable or transient. Thus, in some embodiments, a host cell or host organism is stably transformed with a nucleic acid construct of the invention. In other embodiments, a host cell or host organism is transiently transformed with a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention.

As used herein, the term “stably introduced” means that the introduced polynucleotide is stably incorporated into the genome of the cell, and thus the cell is stably transformed with the polynucleotide. When a nucleic acid construct is stably transformed and therefore integrated into a cell, the integrated nucleic acid construct is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof, more particularly, by the progeny of multiple successive generations.

“Transient transformation” in the context of a polynucleotide means that a polynucleotide is introduced into the cell and does not integrate into the genome of the cell.

Transient transformation may be detected by, for example, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blot, which can detect the presence of a peptide or polypeptide encoded by one or more transgene introduced into an organism. Stable transformation of a cell can be detected by, for example, a Southern blot hybridization assay of genomic DNA of the cell with nucleic acid sequences which specifically hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of a transgene introduced into an organism (e.g., a plant, a mammal, an insect, an archaea, a bacterium, and the like). Stable transformation of a cell can be detected by, for example, a Northern blot hybridization assay of RNA of the cell with nucleic acid sequences which specifically hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of a transgene introduced into a plant or other organism. Stable transformation of a cell can also be detected by, e.g., a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other amplification reactions as are well known in the art, employing specific primer sequences that hybridize with target sequence(s) of a transgene, resulting in amplification of the transgene sequence, which can be detected according to standard methods Transformation can also be detected by direct sequencing and/or hybridization protocols well known in the art.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the nucleotide sequences, constructs, expression cassettes may be expressed transiently and/or they may be stably incorporated into the genome of the host organism. In some embodiments, when transient transformation is desired, the loss of the plasmids and the recombinant nucleic acids comprised therein may achieved by removal of selective pressure for plasmid maintenance.

A recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention can be introduced into a cell by any method known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary methods of transformation or transfection include biological methods using viruses and bacteria (e.g., Agrobacterium), physicochemical methods such as electroporation, floral dip methods, particle or ballistic bombardment, microinjection, whiskers technology, pollen tube transformation, calcium-phosphate-mediated transformation, nanoparticle-mediated transformation, polymer-mediated transformation including cyclodextrin-mediated and polyethyleneglycol-mediated transformation, sonication, infiltration, as well as any other electrical, chemical, physical (mechanical) and/or biological mechanism that results in the introduction of nucleic acid into a cell, including any combination thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention, transformation of a cell comprises nuclear transformation. In other embodiments, transformation of a cell comprises plastid transformation (e.g., chloroplast transformation). In still further embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention can be introduced into a cell via conventional breeding techniques.

Procedures for transforming both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms are well known and routine in the art and are described throughout the literature (See, for example, Jiang et al. 2013. Nat. Biotechnol. 31:233-239; Ran et al. Nature Protocols 8:2281-2308 (2013))

A nucleotide sequence therefore can be introduced into a host organism or its cell in any number of ways that are well known in the art. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing one or more nucleotide sequences into the organism, only that they gain access to the interior of at least one cell of the organism. Where more than one polynucleotide is to be introduced, they can be assembled as part of a single nucleic acid construct, or as separate nucleic acid constructs, and can be located on the same or different nucleic acid constructs. Accordingly, the polynucleotides can be introduced into the cell of interest in a single transformation event, or in separate transformation events, or, alternatively, where relevant, a nucleotide sequence can be incorporated into a plant, as part of a breeding protocol.

Spacer sequences are used to guide the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the invention or the co-opted endogenous CRISPR-Cas machinery of the target organism (e.g., Cas3, Cascade complex) to the target sequences and are as described herein. A target sequence useful with for killing on or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells may be any genomic sequence (e.g., an essential, a non-essential, expendable, non-expendable genomic sequence) that is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a PAM as defined herein (e.g., 5′-NAA-3′, 5′-AAA-3′ and/or 5′-AA-3′) and that is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells. In some embodiments, the target sequence may be an essential and/or non-expendable genomic sequence that is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a PAM as defined herein (e.g., 5′-NAA-3′, 5′-AAA-3′ and/or 5′-AA-3′) and that is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells. In some embodiments of the invention, the PAM may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a sequence of 5′-NAA-3′, 5′-AAA-3′ and/or 5′-AA-3′ (located immediately adjacent to and 5′ of the protospacer).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a recombinant nucleic acid construct of the invention may target, for example, any conserved coding region, non-coding region, intragenic region, and intergenic region. In some embodiments, a target sequence is located on a chromosome.

In some embodiments, a target sequence may be located in a gene, which can be in the upper (sense, coding) strand or in the bottom (antisense, non-coding) strand. In some embodiments, a target sequence may be located in an intragenic region of a gene (e.g., an intron), optionally located in the upper (sense, coding) strand or in the bottom (antisense, non-coding) strand. In some embodiments, a target sequence may be located in an intergenic region, optionally in the upper (plus) strand or in the bottom (minus) strand. In some embodiments, a target sequence may be located in an intergenic region wherein the DNA is cleaved and a gene inserted that may be expressed under the control of the promoter of the previous open reading frame.

In some embodiments, the target sequence may be a highly conserved gene, which may carry out essential biological functions and be part of the core genome (i.e. glycolysis genes, DNA replication gene, transcription and translation machinery).

A target organism useful with this invention may be any bacterium or archaeon.

Transformation of bacterial or archaeal genome-targeting CRISPR arrays can be used to selectively kill bacterial or archaeal cells on a sequence-specific basis to subtract genetically distinct subpopulations, thereby enriching bacterial populations lacking the target sequence. This distinction can occur on the basis of the heterogeneous distribution of orthogonal CRISPR-Cas systems within genetically similar populations. Thus, in some embodiments, a CRISPR array that is introduced into a population of cells can be compatible (i.e., functional) with a CRISPR-Cas system in the one or more bacterial or archaeal cells to be killed but is not compatible (i.e., not functional) with the CRISPR Cas system of at least one or more bacterial or archaeal cells in the population. For instance, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae can exhibit either Type I-E or Type CRISPR-Cas systems; Clostridium difficile encodes Type I-B systems, and different strains of S. thermophilus exhibit both Type II-A and Type I-E systems or only Type II-A systems. Depending on the specific CRISPR array transformed into a mixed population of bacteria, the CRISPR array can specifically target that subset of the population based on its functional compatibility with its cognate system. This can be applied to diverse species containing endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems such as, but not limited to: Pseudomonas spp. (such as: P. aeruginosa), Escherichia spp, (such as: E. coli), Enterobacter spp. (such as: E. cloacae), Staphylococcus spp. (such as: S. aureus), Enterococcus spp. (such as: E. faecalis, E. faecium), Streptomyces spp. (such as: S. somaliensis), Streptococcus spp. (such as: S. pyogenes), Vibrio spp. (such as: V. cholerae), Yersinia spp. (such as: Y. pestis), Francisella spp. (such as: F. tularensis, F. novicida), Bacillus spp. (such as: B. anthracis, B. cereus), Lactobacillus spp. (such as: L. casei, L. reuteri, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus), Burkholderia spp. (such as: B. mallei, B. pseudomallei), Klebsiella spp. (such as: K. pneumoniae), Shigella spp. (such as: S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei), Salmonella spp. (such as: S. enterica), Borrelia app. (such as: B. burgdorfieri), Neisseria spp. (such as: N. meningitidis), Fusobacterium spp. (such as: F. nucleatum), Helicobacter app. (such as: H. pylori), Chlamydia app. (such as: C. trachomatis), Bacteroides spp. (such as: B. fragilis), Bartonella spp. (such as: B. quintana), Bordetella spp. (such as: B. pertussis), Brucella app. (such as: B. abortus), Campylobacter spp. (such as: C. jejuni), Clostridium app. (such as: C. difficile), Bifidobacterium spp. (such as: B. infantis), Haemophilus spp. (such as: H. influenzae), Listeria app. (such as: L. monocytogenes), Legionella spp. (such as: L. pneumophila), Mycobacterium spp. (such as: M. tuberculosis), Mycoplasma spp. (such as: M. pneumoniae), Rickettsia spp. (such as: R. rickettsii), Acinetobacter spp. (such as: A. calcoaceticus, A. baumanii), Rumincoccus spp. (such as: R. albus), Propionibacterium app. (such as: P. freudenreichii), Corynebacterium spp. (such as: C. diphtheriae), Propionibacterium spp. (such as: P. acnes), Brevibacterium spp. (such as: B. iodinum), Micrococcus spp. (such as: M. luteus), and/or Prevotella app. (such as: P. histicola).

CRISPR targeting can remove specific bacterial subsets on the basis of the distinct genetic content in mixed populations. CRISPR-targeting spacers can be tuned to various levels of bacterial relatedness by targeting conserved or divergent genetic sequences. Thus, in some embodiments, the bacterial and/or archaeal cells in a population may comprise the same CRISPR-Cas system and the introduced CRISPR array thus may be functional in the bacterial population as a whole but the genetic content of the different strains or species that make up the bacterial and/or archaeal population may be sufficiently distinct such that the target region for the introduced CRISPR array is found only in the one or more bacterial species of the population that is to be killed. This can be applied to diverse species containing endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems such as, but not limited to: Pseudomonas spp. (such as: P. aeruginosa), Escherichia spp. (such as: E. coli), Enterobacter app. (such as: E. cloacae), Staphylococcus app. (such as: S. aureus), Enterococcus app. (such as: E. faecalis, E. faecium), Streptomyces app. (such as: S. somaliensis), Streptococcus app. (such as: S. pyogenes), Vibrio spp. (such as: V. cholerae), Yersinia spp. (such as: Y. pestis), Francisella spp. (such as: F. tularensis, F. novicida), Bacillus app. (such as: B. anthracis, B. cereus), Lactobacillus spp. (such as: L. casei, L. reuteri, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus), Burkholderia spp. (such as: B. mallei, B. pseudomallei), Klebsiella spp. (such as: K. pneumoniae), Shigella spp. (such as: S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei), Salmonella spp. (such as: S. enterica), Borrelia spp. (such as: B. burgdorfieri), Neisseria spp. (such as: N. meningitidis), Fusobacterium spp. (such as: F. nucleatum), Helicobacter spp. (such as: H. pylori), Chlamydia spp. (such as: C. trachomatis), Bacteroides spp. (such as: B. fragilis), Bartonella spp. (such as: B. quintana), Bordetella spp. (such as: B. pertussis), Brucella spp. (such as: B. abortus), Campylobacter spp. (such as: C. jejuni), Clostridium app. (such as: C. difficile), Bifidobacterium spp. (such as: B. infantis), Haemophilus spp. (such as: H. influenzae), Listeria spp. (such as: L. monocytogenes), Legionella spp. (such as: L. pneumophila), Mycobacterium spp. (such as: M. tuberculosis), Mycoplasma spp. (such as: M. pneumoniae), Rickettsia spp. (such as; R. rickettsii), Acinetobacter spp. (such as: A. calcoaceticus, A. baumanii), Rumincoccus app. (such as: R. albus), Propionibacterium spp. (such as: P. freudenreichii), Corynebacterium spp. (such as: C. diphtheriae), Propionibacterium spp. (such as: P. acnes), Brevibacterium spp. (such as: B. iodinum), Micrococcus spp. (such as: M. luteus), and/or Prevotella app. (such as: P. histicola).

The extent of killing within a population using the methods of this invention may be affected by the amenability of the particular population to transformation in addition to whether the target region is comprised in a non-essential gene, an essential gene or an expendable island. The extent of killing in a population of bacterial or archaeal cells may vary, for example, by organism, by genus and species. Accordingly, as used herein “killing” means eliminating at least about 1 to about 3 logs (e.g., 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3 or any range or value therein) or more of the cells in a population (10% survival or less (e.g., about 0 to 10%, about 1% to 10%, about 1% to 8%, about 1% to 5%, about 5% to about 10% and the like, and any range or value therein) (e.g., about 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, and any range or value therein)). One log of killing (e.g., about 90% killing) may be a small reduction in the population but may suffice for the purposes of the invention of reducing a population. Two to three logs of killing provide a significant reduction of the population; and more than 3 logs of killing indicates that the population has been substantially eradicated.

In some embodiments, a target population may be a population of Firmicute cells encoding a Type I CRISPR-Cas system.

The invention will now be described with reference to the following examples. It should be appreciated that these examples are not intended to limit the scope of the claims to the invention, but are rather intended to be exemplary of certain embodiments. Any variations in the exemplified methods that occur to the skilled artisan are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1. CRISPR-Cas System Identification and Characterization in Lactobacillus crispatus

The 55 Lactobacillus crispatus genomes available from GenBank database (NCBI) (as of December 2017) were used to characterize the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in this species. The in silica analyses were performed using Cas proteins (Cas 1, Cas 3, Cas 9) previously identified in other lactobacilli species (Sun et al., 2015, Nat Commun 6, 8322. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9322.) as templates to find the Cas proteins in the query L. crispatus strains, using the BLAST algorithm. (Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res 25(17), 3389-3402). Potential CRISPR array(s) of each genome were identified using CRISPR Recognition Tool (CRT) (Bland et al., 2007, BMC Bioinformatics 8, 209. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-209) implemented in Geneious 10.0.6 software (Kearse, 2012, Bioinformatics 28, 1647-1649). The CRISPR-Cas systems of each strain were then manually curated, annotated and depicted. The CRISPR subtypes designation was performed based on the signature Cas proteins (Cas3-TypeI, Cas9-TypeII) and associated ones as previously reported (Makarova et al., 2011, Nat Rev Microbiol 9(6), 467-477. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2577; Makarova et al., 2015, Nat Rev Microbiol 13(11), 722-736, doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3569; Koonin et al., 2017, Curr Opin Microbial 37, 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.05.008).

Example 2. PAM Prediction

Computational studies were performed with the spacers of each L. crispatus strain against several databases, using CRISPRTarget webserver (Biswas et al., 2013, RNA Biol 10(5), 817-827. doi: 10.4161/rna.24046), to characterize the targets and the protospacers and protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) (Deveau, 2008, J Bacterial 190(4), 1390-1400. doi: 10.1128/A3.01412-07; Mojica, 2009, Microbiology 155 (Pt 3), 733-740. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.023960-0). WebLogo server was used to represent the PAM sequence based on a frequency chart where the height of each nucleotide represents the conservation of that nucleotide at each position (Crooks et al., 2004, Genome Res 14(6), 1188-1190. doi: 10.1101/gr.849004). The PAM sequence for Type I-E in L. crispatus was predicted as 5′-NAA-3′ as showed in FIG. 2. The PAM 5′-AAA-3′ was further validated with plasmid interference assays in the strain L. crispatus NCK1350, and then used for self-targeting and genome editing purpose

Example 3. Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions

The Lactobacillus crispatus NCK1350 and derivative strains used in this study were propagated in MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe, Difco) broth or in MRS agar (1.5%, w/v) plates, both at 37° C. under anaerobic conditions. Escherichia coli DH10B was used as a host for all plasmid constructions. E. coli strains were grown in BHI (Brain Heart Infusion, Difco) broth at 37° C. with stirring conditions (250 rpm) or in BHI agar plates at 37° C. aerobically. Transformants were selected in the presence of erythromycin (Erm) 2.5 μg ml⁻¹ for L. crispatus NCK1350 or Erm 150 μg ml⁻¹ for E. coli DH10B.

Example 4. Transcriptomic Analyses with RNAseq

mRNA of L. crispatus NCK1350 was isolated from a 10 ml MRS culture grown under anaerobic conditions until about 0.6 OD₆₀₀. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (about 4,000 g for about 10 min at about 4° C.) and the pellet was freeze dried and stored at about −80° C. until RNA extraction was performed. The RNA isolation was performed using Zymo Direct-Zol RNA Miniprep kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, Calif.). The library preparation and RNA sequencing were performed in Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign, Ill.) and data analysis was performed as described (Theilmann, 2017, MBio 8(6). doi: 10.1128/mBio.01421-17). The RNAseq reads were mapped to L. crispatus NCK1350 using Geneious software (Kearse, 2012 #253) with default settings and the expression level for each coding DNA sequence (CDS) was calculated based on the normalized transcripts per million (TPM) (Wagner, 2012, Theory Biosci 131(4), 281-285. doi: 10.1007/s12064-012-0162-3).

The mRNA data probed the activity of cas genes and the smRNA (smallRNA) data displayed differential transcription level for the different CRISPR arrays. The smRNA data also showed the boundaries of the crRNA when processed in the cell. In this regard, from a repeat-spacer-repeat construct that is being expressed in the cell, the final mature crRNA processed will be as displayed in FIG. 3.

Example 5. DNA Manipulations

Chromosomal DNA from L. crispatus was isolated using the UltraClean microbial DNA isolation kit (MOBIO) and plasmid DNA from E. coli was obtained using QIAprep Spin miniprep kit (Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. PCR primers, double strand synthetic DNA for interference assays and single strand DNA for annealing oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Raleigh, N.C., USA). Synthetic DNA for the artificial crRNA was synthesized by Genewiz (China). PCR amplicons used for screening were generated using standard protocols and Taq blue DNA polymerase from Denville Scientific. The Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity polymerase from New England Biolabs was used to amplify the DNA to be cloned. The PCR products were analysed in 0.8-1,5% agarose gels using 1 Kb Plus or 100 bp ladder (Invitrogen). DNA sequencing was performed at Genewiz (Raleigh, N.C., USA). Restriction digestions were performed with 1 μg of DNA in a final volume of 50 μl, at 37° C. for 1 h. Purification of digested products for ligation were performed using Monarch PCR&DNA Cleanup kit or Monarch. DNA Gel extraction kit from New England Biolabs. Ligation reactions were performed in a ratio 3:1 (insert:vector) using 50 ng of vector and a final volume of 20 μl. The restriction enzymes and the Instant Sticky-end Ligase Master Mix were obtained from New England Biolabs.

Single strand DNA oligonucleotides were resuspended in IDT Duplex Buffer (IDT) to a final concentration of 100 M. Equal amount s(2 μg) of each strand (A+B) were mixed and the final volume was increase up to about 50 μl with Duplex Buffer. Both strands were annealed at 95° C. for 2 min, followed by a cooling down step to 25° C. for 45 min. The annealed oligonucleotides were stored at −20° C.

Example 6. Construction of Interference Plasmids

The pTRKH2 plasmid (O'Sullivan, 1993, Gene 137(2), 227-231), replicating shuttle vector for E. coli and Lactobacillus, was used for all plasmid constructions. The interference plasmid was constructed by ligation of the synthetic double strand DNA protospacers, with and without the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 to check the functionality of the endogenous CRISPR system, and validate the PAM (5′-AAA3′) based on plasmid interference assays (see, FIG. 4, top panel). The constructs were transformed into rubidium chloride competent (Hanahan, 1985, Techniques for transformation of E. coli. Oxford, United Kingdom: IRL Press 1, 109-135) E. coli DH10B cells using heat shock at 42° C. for 1 min, followed by another 2 min incubation on ice. Cells were recover in 400 μl of SOC medium (e.g., Super Optimal Broth with glucose) (New England Biolabs) at 37° C., aerobically for 3 hours and then plated in BHI with Erm 150 μg ml⁻¹. The resulting interference plasmids were isolated from E. coli transformants, checked by PCR with M13 primers for the presence of the insert and sequenced to confirm correct sequence.

As shown in the bottom right panel of FIG. 4, the spacer-protospacer match and PAM recognition by the endogenous systems lead in plasmid targeting and cleavage, reducing the transformants (cfu/μg) obtained in the presence of the selective marker (erm). The plasmid interference experiments unravelled the functionality of the CRISPR loci, validated the predicted PAM and displayed differential activity among the three CRISPR arrays, with CRISPR III being the most active one.

Example 7. Construction of pcrRNA Plasmid and Subsequent Self-Targeting Plasmids

The pcrRNA plasmid (also referred to as pTRK1183) was constructed by ligation of the synthetic double strand DNA that represents the crRNA of NCK1350, into Bg/II-Sa/I digested pTRKH2 (FIG. 3). The crRNA1350 contains the leader sequence (the same leader that is present in the CRISPR array in L. crispatus NCK1350 chromosome) together with two repeats and a rho-independent terminator (BBa_B1006, registry of standard biological parts). The constructs were transformed in rubidium chloride competent E. coli DH10B cells as described above. The resulting pcrRNA plasmids were isolated from E. coli transformants, checked by PCR with M13 primers for the presence of the insert and sequenced to confirm correct sequence. Plasmid construction of the engineer plasmid pcrRNA (pTRK1183) that contain the promoter, the two repeat sequence and the Rho-independent terminator cloned in pTRKH2 is shown in FIG. 4.

Two BsaI sites are located between the two direct repeats of pcrRNA to allow insertion of spacers using annealing oligonucleotides. The pcrRNA1350 plasmid was isolated from E. coli host, digested with BsaI, and ligated with the annealing oligonucleotides carrying overhand ends (FIG. 4). The constructs were transformed in rubidium chloride competent E. coli DH10B cells as described above. The resulting plasmid is a pcrRNA1350 derivative containing the target defined by the spacer cloned with the annealing oligonucleotides, thereof named as pcrRNA1350_TargetX. The resulting plasmids were isolated from E. coli transformants, checked by PCR with M13 primers for the presence of the insert and sequenced to confirm correct sequence. FIG. 5 shows an exemplary cloning strategy used to introduce the spacer using annealing oligonucleotides into the plasmid pcrRNA digested with BsaI:

Example 8. Construction of Genome Editing Plasmids

The plasmids used to perform self-targeting pcrRNA-Tx were used as the backbone to clone the repair template to perform genome in a programmable and efficient manner based on the design donor DNA. In this regard, the pcrRNA_T1 plasmid (also referred to as pTRK1184), targeting the eps gene priming-GTF (EC.2.7.8.6) was used as a backbone to clone a repair template containing 1 kb upstream and 1 kb downstream of the target gene (for modification, e.g., deletion). For this purpose a double strand DNA synthetic gblock containing the 2 kb was PCR amplified with primers EPS_RT1-SaII and EPS_RT1-PvuI and cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pcrRNA_T1 generating the plasmid pcrRNA_T1-EPS_RT1 containing the crRNA guide to target the selective gene and the repair template to perform a deletion of 620 bp. A similar strategy has been used to perform the other outcomes previously mentioned, e.g., a knockout of a prophage protein or insertion of three stop codons in the eps gene.

Example 9. Transformation of L. crispatus NCK1350

The transformation of L. crispatus NCK1350 was optimized based on a modification of a previously described transformation protocol for lactobacilli (Goh, 2009, Appl Environ Microbiol 75(10), 3093-3105. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02502-08). Stationary cells grew anaerobically were inoculated (1% v/v) into MRS broth, previously reduced to anaerobic conditions, and grew until about 0.3 OD₆₀₀ (about 3 h) was achieved. Filter-sterilized water solution of Penicillin G was added to a final concentration of 10 μg ml⁻¹ and cells were incubated another hour. Then, cells were harvested by centrifugation (4000 rpm, 10 min, 4° C.) and washed three times with electroporation buffer containing 1 M sucrose and 3.5 mM MgCl₂. Cells were resuspended in 1 ml electroporation buffer and aliquoted in 200 μl for direct use.

For each transformation, 2 μg of plasmid was combined with 200 μl of cells, and 2 mm cuvettes were used for electro-transformation under 2.5 kV, 25 μF and 400Ω conditions. Cells were recovered in 1 ml MRS broth previously reduced to anaerobic conditions, and incubated at 37° C., under anaerobic conditions for 18 h, Transformants were selected using MRS plates with Erm 2.5 μg ml⁻¹ at 37° C. under anaerobic conditions for 72 hours.

Example 10

The use of pTRKH2-based plasmids encompassing CRISPR arrays with spacers targeting chromosomal sequences to kill the host was developed. Specifically, a portion of the eps genes flanked by a PAM was cloned between repeats and delivered to L. crispatus via electroporation to repurpose the endogenous CRISPR-Cas machinery and drive lethal self-targeting, killing the bacterial population (see FIG. 6).

Example 11. Genome Editing Using the Endogenous Type I CRISPR-Cas System in Lactobacillus crispatus

In the present study, we detail how the native Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system, with a 5′-AAA-3′ protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and a 61-nt guide CRISPR RNA (crRNA), can be repurposed for efficient chromosomal targeting and genome editing in Lactobacillus crispatus, an important commensal and beneficial microbe in the vaginal and intestinal tracts.

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and associated proteins (Cas) provide adaptive immunity in prokaryotes against invasive nucleic acids (1). CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread in bacteria (46%) and archaea (90%), though distribution and classification vary greatly within and across phylogenetic clades (2). Currently, two major CRISPR-Cas system classes have been described, encompassing six types and thirty-four subtypes (3). Class 1 includes Type I, III and IV, which are defined by the presence of a multi-protein effector complex, such as the CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense (Cascade). In contrast, Class 2 systems are comprised of Type II, V and VI, which rely on single effector nucleases such as Cas9, Cas12 or Cas13 (3). Despite these distinctions, all types carry out DNA-encoded, RNA-mediated, nucleic acid targeting (4, 5), but vary in their mechanisms of action, molecular targets (DNA or RNA) and specific sequence biases as determined by the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) (6-8). Exogenous Class 2 effector nucleases such as Cas9 and Cas12 are widely exploited for genome editing in a plethora of eukaryotes (9, 10), hinging on the programmable nature of synthetic guide RNA technology (11-13). Remarkably, few native systems have been harnessed for in situ editing in bacteria, including Type I CRISPR-Cas systems and the signature Cas3 helicase-nuclease (14) which constitute the most abundant and widespread CRISPR-Cas system in bacteria and archaea (2).

Currently, there is a lack of fundamental understanding regarding Type I CRISPR arrays, accompanying Cas proteins, and corresponding guide CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and targeting PAMs, necessary for molecular tool development in these systems (15). To date, only a handful of Type I CRISPR-Cas systems have been characterized, including Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system from E. coli, which was actually the first observed CRISPR locus over 3 decades ago (16), and more recently used to demonstrate the dependency of CRISPR immunity on crRNA-targeting (17, 18). The Cascade complex, encompassing the crRNA and Cas proteins, constitutes a double-stranded DNA recognition machinery that drives the selective nucleotide base-pairing between the crRNA and the complementary DNA strand (target strand), looping out the nontarget strand generating the ‘R-loop’ structure (19-21). Then, the Cas3 helicase-nuclease is recruited by Cascade to unwind and degrade the nontarget strand in a 3′ to 5′ direction (22, 23), via nuclease- and helicase-dependent activities (14, 24). This processive single-strand DNA degradation, combined with inefficient DNA repair mechanisms, renders self-targeting lethal in bacteria (25) unless a repair template is provided to drive RecA-dependent recombination (26).

The microbiome composition, complexity and diversity have been the focus of extensive studies over the past decade to understand its impact on health and disease in humans (27, 28) and animals (29, 30). The human vaginal microbiome is dominated by lactobacilli with Lactobacillus crispatus as one of the predominant species (31), which also plays a key role in poultry intestinal health (29), and has been implicated in the maintenance of a healthy status, whereas its absence is correlated with a higher risk of infectious disease (32, 33). Moreover, L. crispatus has become an emerging probiotic for women's and poultry health, due to its ability to fend off invasive pathogenic bacteria through competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial compounds and exopolysaccharides (34-36), as well as eliciting a beneficial host immune response (37). However, the genetic basis of the L. crispatus probiotic features remain unknown due to its recalcitrance to transformation and the lack of molecular tools available for this genetically refractory species.

Here, we characterized a novel Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in the genetically recalcitrant L. crispatus species, in a strain isolated from a healthy human endoscopy. We show how the endogenous Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system of L. crispatus can be harnessed for flexible and efficient genetic engineering outcomes such as insertions, deletions and single base substitutions. Specifically, we generated diverse mutations encompassing a 643-bp deletion (100% efficiency), a stop codon insertion (36%) and a single nucleotide substitution (19%) in the exopolysaccharide priming-glycosyl transferase p-gtf. Additional genetic targets included a 308-bp deletion (20%) in the prophage DNA packaging protein Nu1 and a 730-bp insertion of the green fluorescent protein gene downstream of enolase (23%). This approach enables flexible alteration of the formerly genetically recalcitrant species L. crispatus, with potential for probiotic enhancement, biotherapeutic engineering and mucosal vaccine delivery. These results also provide a framework for repurposing endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems for flexible genome targeting and editing, while expanding the toolbox to include one of the most abundant and diverse CRISPR-Cas systems systems found in nature.

Methods

CRISPR-Cas system detection and characterization in silico—The 52 L. crispatus genomes (Table 2) available in GenBank (NCBI) on December 2017 were mined to determine the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in this species. The in silico analyses were performed using Cas proteins (Cas1, Cas3, Cas9), previously identified in other lactobacilli species (38), as queries using BLAST® (82) to retrieve the Cas proteins among L. crispatus strains. Then, the putative CRISPR array(s) of each genome were identified using CRISPR Recognition Tool (CRT) (83) implemented in Geneious 10.0.6 software (84). Thereafter, the CRISPR-Cas systems of each strain were manually curated and annotated. The CRISPR subtypes were designated based on the occurrence of signature Cas proteins (Cas9-TypeII, Cas3-TypeI) and associated ones as previously reported (39). Spacers analyses, PAM prediction, and guide RNA identification—CRISPR spacers represent an iterative vaccination record for bacteria. Computational analyses were performed with the spacers of each strain against several databases using the CRISPR target webserver (85) to identify their putative targets, the protospacer and predict the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) (6, 8). The WebLogo server was used to represent the PAM sequence based on a frequency chart where the height of each nucleotide represents the conservation of that nucleotide at each position (86).

In Type I systems, the crRNA represents the guide RNA that interacts with the Cascade complex to define the complementary sequence. The crRNA encompasses the repeat-spacer pair, so a repeat-spacer nucleotide sequence was used to predict the structure of the crRNA of Type I-B and Type I-E using the NUPACK webserver (87), and then manually depicted. In Type II systems, the tracrRNA has a complementary region to the CRISPR repeat sequence of the crRNA allowing creation of the duplex crRNA:tracrRNA. Therefore, the repeat sequence of Type II-A was used to identify the tracrRNA in the CRISPR locus, as previously described (15) and then the interaction between crRNA:tracrRNA was predicted using NUPACK and depicted manually.

Bacterial strains and growth conditions—Lactobacillus crispatus NCK1350 and derivative strains used in this study (Table 1) were propagated in MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe, Difco) broth or on MRS agar (1.5%, w/v) plates, at 37° C. under anaerobic conditions. Escherichia coli DH10B and MC1061 were used as cloning hosts. E. coli strains were grown in BHI (Brain heart infusion, Difco) broth at 37° C. with aeration (250 rpm) or on BHI agar plates at 37° C. aerobically. Transformants were selected in the presence of erythromycin (Erm) at 150 μg ml⁻¹ for E. coli or 2.5 μg ml⁻¹ for L. crispatus. Genome sequencing and assembly—Total DNA of L. crispatus NCK1350 was isolated using the UltraClean® microbial DNA isolation kit (MOBIO) and whole genome sequencing was performed using a MiSeq system (Illumina®) at Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign, Ill.) following the supplier's protocol (Illumina®). Libraries were prepared with the Hyper Library construction kit from Kapa Biosystems. The libraries were pooled as instructed, quantitated by qPCR and sequenced on one lane per pool for 301 cycles from each end of the fragments on a MiSeq flowcell using a MiSeq 600-cycle sequencing kit version 3. Fastq files of the pair-end reads were generated and demultiplexed with the bcl2fastq v2.17.1.14 Conversion Software (Illumina). The adaptors were trimmed from the sequencing reads and sequences were quality retained. The fastq files of the pair-end reads were used as input for the genome assembly through PATRIC webserver (patricbrc.org) and also for the protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) prediction and annotation. Then, the genome annotations were manually curated in Geneious11.0.5. RNA extraction and RNA sequencing analysis—Total RNA of L. crispatus NCK1350 was isolated from a 10 ml MRS culture, with two independent biological replicates, grown under anaerobic conditions until OD_(600 nm) about 0.6. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (3,200 g; 10 min; 4° C.) and the cell pellets were flash frozen and stored at −80° C. until RNA extraction was performed. Total RNA was isolated using Zymo Direct-Zol™ RNA Miniprep kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, Calif.) following the protocol previously described (88). The mRNA and smRNA library preparation and sequencing were performed at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Centre of the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign, Ill.) and data analysis was performed as previously described (88). Finally, the RNA-seq reads were mapped onto the L. crispatus NCK1350 genome using Geneious11.0.5 software (84) with default settings and the expression level for each CDS was calculated based on the normalized transcripts per million (TPM) (89). DNA manipulations—Chromosomal DNA from L. crispatus was isolated using the UltraClean® microbial DNA isolation kit (MOBIO) and plasmid DNA from E. coli was obtained using QIAprep® Spin Miniprep kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's instructions. PCR primers, double-stranded synthetic DNA for plasmid interference assays, and single-strand DNA for annealing oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Morrisville, N.C., USA). Synthetic DNA for the target-specific crRNA was synthesized by Genewiz (China). PCR amplicons for colony screening were generated using standard PCR protocols and Taq blue DNA polymerase (Denville Scientific). Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity polymerase (New England Biolabs [NEB], Ipswich, Mass., USA) was used to PCR-amplify DNA for cloning purpose. PCR products were analyzed on 0.8-1.5% agarose gels. DNA sequencing was performed by Genewiz (Morrisville, N.C., USA) to confirm sequence content. Restriction digestions were performed with 1 μg of plasmid DNA in a final volume of 50 μl, at 37° C. for 1 h, using high fidelity restriction enzymes (NEB). Purification of digested products for ligation were performed using Monarch® PCR&DNA Cleanup kit or Monarch® DNA Gel extraction kit (NEB). Ligation reactions were performed at a 3:1 insert:vector ratio using 50 ng of vector in a final volume of 10 μl, using Instant Sticky-end Ligase Master Mix (NEB) based on the manufacturer's instruction.

Single-strand DNA oligonucleotides were resuspended in IDT Duplex Buffer (IDT) to a final concentration of 100 μM. Then, equal amounts (2 μg) of each strand (A+B) were mixed and the final volume was adjusted to 50 μl with Duplex Buffer. Both strands were annealed at 95° C. for 2 min, followed by incubation at 25° C. for 45 min. All annealed oligonucleotides were stored at −20° C.

Construction of interference plasmids—The pTRKH2 plasmid (90), a replicating shuttle vector for E. coli and Lactobacillus, was used for all plasmid constructions. The interference plasmids were constructed by ligation of the synthetic double-stranded DNA protospacers, with or without the PAM into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 (Table 7). The constructs were transformed into rubidium chloride-treated competent E. coli DH10B cells using heat-shock at 42° C. for 1 min, followed by another 2 min incubation on ice. Cells were recovered in 900 μl of SOC medium (NEB) at 37° C., aerobically for 3 hours and then plated on BHI with Erm 150 μg ml⁻¹. The resulting interference plasmids were PCR-screened in E. coli transformants with M13 primers (Table 7) for the presence of the insert and sequenced to confirm sequence content. Construction of the CRISPR-based editing vector pTRK1183 to repurpose the endogenous Type I-E system in L. crispatus NCK1350—The plasmid-based technology pTRK1183 was constructed by ligation of the synthetic double strand gene block that represents the artificial crRNA of NCK1350, into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 (Table 1). The artificial crRNA contains a promoter that is the native leader (L) of the CRISPR-3 array of L. crispatus NCK1350, together with two repeats and a rho-independent terminator (BBa_B1006, registry of standard biological parts) (FIG. 12). The ligation was transformed in rubidium chloride competent E. coli DH10B cells as described above. The resulting pTRK1183 plasmid were isolated from E. coli transformants, and checked by PCR with M13 primers (Table 7) for the presence of the insert and sequenced to confirm sequence composition.

Two BsaI sites are located between the two direct repeats of the artificial crRNA in pTRK1183 to allow the insertion of spacers (targets) using annealing oligonucleotides. The pTRK1183 plasmid was isolated from E. coli, digested with BsaI, and ligated with the annealing oligonucleotides carrying overhang ends. The constructs were transformed in rubidium chloride competent E. coli DH10B cells as described above. The resulting plasmid is a pTRK1183 derivative containing a spacer to target the exopolysaccharide gene p-gtf (EC.2.7.8.6) generating the plasmid pTRK1184, a spacer to target the prophage DNA packaging gene Nu1 generating pTRK1188, or a spacer to target the enolase gene (EC 4.2.1.11) generating the plasmid pTRK1190 (Table 1). The resulting plasmids were isolated from E. coli transformants, checked by PCR with M13 primers (Table 7) for the presence of the insert and sequenced to confirm sequence content.

pTRK1183 and derived targeting plasmids (pTRK1184, pTRK1188, pTRK1190) present a SaII-PvuI restriction site ideal to clone a designed repair template to perform genome editing repurposing the endogenous Type I-E system in L. crispatus NCK1350. For this purpose, a double strand DNA synthetic gene block containing 2-kb homologous arms to the p-gtf gene (FIG. 13, panel A) was PCR amplified with primers p-gtf_RT_(KO)_SaII_F and p-gtf_RT_(KO)_Pvul_R (Table 7) and cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1184 generating the plasmid pTRK1185 (also referred to as pcrRNA_T1_RTdel) (Table 1) that contains both, the crRNA guide to target the gene and the repair template to perform a deletion of 643 bp. The same repair template was cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRKH2 generating the plasmid pTRKH2-RT (Table 1), containing the repair template but not the targeting CRISPR array, that serves as a control plasmid for spontaneous homologous recombination. Similarly, a different gene block (2 Kb) designed to introduce three stop codons in the p-gtf gene (FIG. 13, panel A) was amplified by PCR using the primers p-gtf_RT_(STOP)_PvuL_R p-gtf RT_(STOP)_Pvul_R and cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1184 generating the plasmid pTRK1186.

Another repair template (2 Kb) was designed to introduce a single base substitution in the p-gtf gene to alter the PAM, In this case, the primers p-gtf_RT_(SNP)_Up_SaII_F and p-gtf_RT_(SNP)_Up_R were used to perform a chromosomal amplification of the upstream homologous arm introducing the mutation in the repair template; and the primers p-gtf_RT_(SNP)_Dw_SOE-PCR_F and p-gtf_RT_(SNP)_Dw_PvuI_R amplified the downstream region. Then, both repair templates were overlapped using SOE-PCR with the primers p-gtf_RT_(SNP)_Up_SaII_F and gtf_RT_(SNP)_Dw_PvuI_R, to generate the final 2 Kb repair template that was cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1184 generating plasmid pTRK1187.

To delete the prophage DNA packaging gene Nu1, a double stranded DNA synthetic gene block containing 2 kb homologous arms (FIG. 13, panel B) was amplified using the primers Nu1_RT_(KO)_SaII_F and Nu1_RT_(KO)_SaII_R and cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1188 (also referred to as pcrRNA_T3) generating plasmid pTRK1189.

To perform the chromosomal insertion of the GFP at the 3′ end of the enolase gene a repair template containing 730 bp corresponding to the GFP and 2 kb homologous arms to the enolase gene region was designed (FIG. 13, panel C). For this purpose, the enolase downstream region was amplified using the primers enolase_RT_(GFP)_Dw_SaII_F and enolase_RT_(GFP)_Dw_R, the upstream region was amplified using the primers enolase_RT_(GFP)_Up_F and enolase_RT_(GFP)_Up_PvuI_R, and the gene block containing the GFP was amplified using the primers RT_(GFP)_GFP_SOE-PCR_F and RT_(GFP)_GFP_SOE-PCR_R. Then, the three PCR fragments were overlapped using SOE-PCR with the primers enolase_RT_(GFP)_Dw_SaII_F and enolase_RT_(GFP)_Up_PvuI_R and the resulting amplicon (2.73 kb) was cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1190 generating plasmid pTRK1191.

The final plasmid constructs were PCR screened using the general primers M13_F and lacZ_Rev primers, or M13_F and 253_R primers (Table 7) to check plasmid content.

Transformation of L. crispatus NCK1350—Transformation of L. crispatus NCK1350 was optimized based on a slight modification of a previously described transformation protocol for lactobacilli (60). Stationary cells grown anaerobically were inoculated (1% v/v) into MRS broth previously reduced to anaerobic conditions, and grown until OD_(600 nm) about 0.3 was achieved. At this point, penicillin G was added to a final concentration of 10 μg ml⁻¹ and cells were incubated for another hour. Then, cells were harvested by centrifugation (3,200 g, 10 min, 4° C.) and washed three times with electroporation buffer containing 1 M sucrose and 3.5 mM MgCl₂. Finally, cells were resuspended in 1 ml electroporation buffer and aliquoted in 200 μl for direct use. For each transformation, 2 μg of plasmid was combined with 200 μl of cells and 2 mm cuvettes were used for electro-transformation under 2.5 kV, 25 μF and 400Ω conditions. Cells were recovered in 1 ml MRS broth previously reduced to anaerobic conditions, and incubated at 37° C., in anaerobic conditions for 18 h. Transformants were selected on MRS plates with Erm 2.5 μg ml⁻¹ for 48-72 hours.

The transformants obtained were PCR-screened and sequenced to confirm the presence of desired mutations. For the exopolysaccharide gene p-gtf, the primers KO_p-gtf_F and KO_p-gtf_R were used for the chromosomal PCR amplification (2.8 kb wild type and 2.2 kb in deletion mutant) and the primers p-gtf_F and p-gtf_R were used to sequence the p-gtf region, for the three different editing outcomes performed in this target. For the deletion of the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 gene the primers KO_Nu1_F KO_Nu1_R, we checked the chromosomal deletion (2.8 Kb wild type, 2.5 kb deletion mutant) and the primers Nu1_F and Nu1_R were used for sequencing. To check the insertion of the GFP in the enolase region the primers GFP_Insertion_F and GFP_Insertion_R were used for PCR amplification (2.4 kb wild type or 3.1 Kb insertion mutant) of the chromosomal location and the primers GFP_F and GFP_R were used to check the sequence.

Scanning electron microscopy—L. crispatus NCK1350 and derived exopolysaccharide mutants (NCK2635, NCK2656, NCK2659) were grown for 16 h as described above. Bacterial cells from 10 ml culture were harvested by centrifugation (10 min, 2,500 rpm) and resuspended in 10 ml of 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M Na cacodylate buffer pH 5.5 and stored at 4° C. until processed. Bacterial suspensions were filtered using a 0.4 μm pore polycarbonate Nucleopore filter. Filters containing bacteria were washed with three, 30-minute changes of 0.1M Na cacodylate buffer pH 5.5 and then dehydrated with a graded series of ethanol to 100% ethanol and then critical point dried (Tousimis Samdri-795, Tousimis Research Corp, Rockville Md.) in liquid CO₂. Dried filters were mounted on stubs with double-stick tape and silver paint and sputter coated (Hummer 6.2 sputtering system, Anatech USA, Union City Calif.) with 50 Å Au/Pd. Samples were held in a vacuum desiccator until viewed using a JEOL JSM-5900LV SEM (JEOL USA, Peabody Mass.). Images were acquired at a resolution of 1,280×960 pixels. Sample preparation and scanning electron microscopy pictures were performed at CALS Center for Electron Microscopy at NC State University (Raleigh, N.C.).

Prophage induction—L. crispatus NCK1350 and the NCK2662 mutant, lacking the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 (Table 1), were grown for 16 h as described above. Then, 10 ml fresh broth was inoculated (1%) and mitomycin C (Sigma) was added (0.75 μg/ml) when the cultures reached OD_(600 nm)0.2-0.3. Bacterial growth was monitored (OD_(600 nm)) over eighteen hours and cell counts where performed on regular media at the final time point. Three independent biological replicates were performed with two technical replicates in each experiment.

Fluorescence microscopy—The L. crispatus NCK1350 and NCK2665 derivative mutant expressing the chromosomal inserted green fluorescent protein (GFP) were grown for 16 h as described above. Then, bacterial cells were washed, placed on a microscope slide and covered with a cover slip (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, USA). The preparations were observed with the microscope Nikon® eclipse E600 (Nikon®, Melville, USA) using 40× magnification. The FITC filter (excitation 480, emission 585) was used for visualization of the GFP signal.

Statistical analyses—In all figures, the bar graphs represent the mean of three independent biological replicates and the error bars represent the standard deviation. Data distribution was analyzed with Welch's t-test, used to compare unpaired two groups (sample vs control) under the hypothesis that the two groups contains equal means. Comparisons with a p-value<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed in R studio v1.1.463.

Accession numbers—The chromosomal sequence and the RNA-seq data of L. crispatus NCK1350 reported in this manuscript have been deposited in the NCBI database under the BioProject ID PRJNA521996. The whole genome sequence has been deposited under the accession number SGWL00000000. The mRNA sequences have been deposited under the accession numbers SRR8568636 SRR8568637, and the smRNA sequences under the accession number SRR8568722 SRR8568723.

Results and Discussion

Occurrence and Diversity of CRISPR-Cas Systems in L. crispatus

We first investigated the occurrence of CRISPR-Cas systems in 52 available genomes of L. crispatus (Table 2) and characterized the architecture of the CRISPR loci using in silica analyses. Overall, we identified CRISPR loci in 51 of the 52 genomes (98% occurrence rate) and found Type I-B, I-E and 11-A CRISPR-Cas systems (FIG. 7, Table 3). This is a rather high level of occurrence and diversity, even for the CRISPR-enriched Lactobacillus genus, in which CRISPR loci occur in ˜63% of genomes (38). The widespread abundance of Type I systems, and ˜15% occurrence of Type II systems reflect their relative amounts in bacteria (39). In details, a total of 30 CRISPR-Cas systems were identified in the 24 human-associated strains, with 19 Type II-A, 10 Type I-E and a unique Type I-B (Table 3). In poultry isolates, all Type I-E loci seemed complete with CRISPR arrays typically accompanied by a canonical set of cas genes (40), whereas only 3 human isolates (DSM20584, NCK1350, VMC3) displayed a complete system. Interestingly, strains with degenerate Type I-E systems did harbor complete Type II-A systems (C037, FB049-03, OAB24-8, VMC1, VMC5, VMC6), except DISK12 (Table 3). Noteworthy, all strains with complete Type I-E systems carried multiple CRISPR arrays, typically two arrays located upstream of the cas locus, and a third array located downstream (FIG. 7, panel A). A single I-B system was also detected in human strain VMC3, which also carried a complete Type I-E system. In many incomplete sets, we observed the occurrence of transposases, which have been previously observed in CRISPR loci (41, 42). The co-existence of several CRISPR-Cas systems in the same genome has been previously described in several gut lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, (41, 43), as well as in Streptococcus thermophilus starter cultures (44, 45). Overall, we determined widespread occurrence of CRISPR-Cas systems in Lactobacillus crispatus, notably complete Type I-E systems (FIG. 7, panel B).

PAM and Guide RNA Characterization

Once we determined the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in L. crispatus and selected Type I-E as the most widespread and promising candidate, we next determined the sequences that guide Cas nucleases, namely the PAM and the crRNAs. By nature, CRISPR spacers represent a vaccination record of immunization events over time. Therefore, we first analyzed CRISPR spacer sequences to elucidate the flanking protospacer sequences in their matching targets, to predict the PAM, which is essential for target DNA recognition and binding (6, 8). In silico analysis of the CRISPR spacers revealed sequence homology to plasmids, phages and bacterial chromosomes (Tables 4-6), allowing us to identify 5′-AA-3′ as a conserved PAM upstream of the protospacer for the Type I-E LcrCRISPR-Cas3 (FIG. 7, panel C).

Using NUPACK to depict the predicted guides (46, 47), we determined the consensus repeat sequence for each CRISPR subtype, and predicted the crRNA sequence and structure, for Type I, and crRNA:tracrRNA for Type II, using previously established molecular rules about guide RNA composition and complementarity (48) (FIG. 7, panel C). Variations in repeat sequences did not alter the predicted crRNA structures, since polymorphisms occurred in predicted bulges (Table 3).

The Native Type I-E System is Active in L. crispatus NCK1350

Once we established the widespread occurrence of complete Type I-E CRISPR-Cas systems in L. crispatus, and predicted the necessary guide RNA and targeting PAM, we selected a human endoscopy isolate, NCK1350 to validate our predictions and test the functionality of the endogenous system. RNA-seq data revealed constitutive expression of the cas genes encompassing a monocistronic transcript for cas3 and polycistronic expression for cascade (FIG. 8, panel A), while the small RNA (smRNA-seq) analyses probed the transcription profiles of all three associated CRISPR arrays (FIG. 8, panel B), enabling the determination of mature crRNA composition (FIG. 8, panels C-D) The mature crRNA structure is unique with a 5′ handle consisting of 7-nt (FIG. 8, panel D), which differs from the canonical crRNA processing by Cas6 generating a 5′ handle of 8-nt (49, 50).

Next, we used a plasmid interference assay to test the ability of the native system to prevent uptake of a plasmid carrying a sequence complementary to a native CRISPR spacer, flanked by the predicted PAM. Analysis of the NCK1350 spacer matches revealed 5′-AAA-3′ (an extension of the aforementioned 5′-AA-3′ PAM) as the likely PAM (Table 6). We tested all three endogenous CRISPR loci, using a protospacer corresponding to the most recently acquired spacer within each CRISPR array (5′ end of the array, closest to the leader sequence), by cloning the corresponding protospacer into the shuttle vector pTRKH2 with, or without a flanking predicted PAM (FIG. 13, panel E, Table 7). Results showed that all three CRISPR loci can drive interference against plasmids that carry a target protospacer flanked by the predicted PAM. Specifically, the transformation efficiency was reduced by 10×, 100× and over 1,000× for loci 2, 1 and 3, respectively (FIG. 13, panel F), reflecting high activity and specificity of this Type I-E system. Overall, these results validated the predicted PAM 5′-AAA-3′, determined the guide RNA sequences and confirmed activity of the native system in standard laboratory conditions.

Repurposing the Endogenous Type I-E CRISPR-Cas3 System for Genome Editing

Once the functionality of the endogenous Type I-E CRISPR-Cas was demonstrated in L. crispatus NCK1350, we next repurposed this endogenous system for genome editing by co-delivering a self-targeting CRISPR array with editing templates. We first surveyed the L. crispatus NCK1350 genome (˜2.0 Mbp) for potential PAM sequences and found 56,591 instances of the 5′-AAA-3′ motif and 181,672 occurrences of 5′-AA-3′ on the coding strand, and 55,061 for 5′-AAA-3′ and 182,194 for 5′-AA-3′ on the non-coding strand. This high frequency of PAM sequences within the NCK1350 genome suggests that the endogenous Type I-E can be used to target and potentially after every single gene in the genome, with a canonical PAM occurring on average every thirty-five nucleotides, virtually enabling widespread genome editing across this chromosome.

A plasmid-based tool was developed to reprogram the endogenous Type I-E machinery based on the expression of an artificial and programmable CRISPR array carrying a self-targeting CRISPR spacer. For this purpose, a double stranded gene block containing a promoter, two CRISPR repeats and a rho-independent terminator was cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2, to generate a flexible plasmid, pTRK1183, in which self-targeting spacers can readily be cloned (FIG. 12, Table 1). For the promoter, the native leader of the CRISPR-3 array (AT content ˜70%) was chosen to drive the expression of the artificial CRISPR array. Conveniently, we designed pTRK1183 with two BsaI sites between the two CRISPR repeats, allowing flexible and easy insertion of spacers (33 bp) as programmable self-targeting guides, using annealing oligonucleotides with overhang ends compatible with the BsaI-digested plasmid (FIG. 12). Thus, the artificial guide expressed from the plasmid will mimic the native Type I-E crRNA from NCK1350. We used this tool to clone various self-targeting spacers close to the target gene start codon (FIG. 13), redirecting the endogenous Cascade-Cas3 machinery against select chromosomal locations. For this purpose, we engineered the plasmids pTRK1184, pTRK1188 and pTRK1190 targeting the non-essential exopolysaccharide priming-glycosyltransferase (p-gtf), the prophage DNA packaging Nu1, and the essential and highly transcribed enolase, respectively (Table 1). In all instances, self-targeting was lethal, with constructs killing over 99% of the cells across the three target sites (FIG. 9, panel A).

In order to trigger genome editing, we co-delivered a repair template cloned into the self-targeting plasmid containing the CRISPR array, to enable the host to overcome Cas3-based targeting and damage. First, we used the p-gtf target to generate a knock out, since the mutants will conveniently display a visibly distinct phenotype due to the altered exopolysaccharide content (51-53), which can also lead to altered probiotic features such as adherence, stress resistance and modulation of the host immune system (54-57). We designed the repair template to encompass sequences 1-kb upstream and 1-kb downstream of the target protospacer, and cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1184 to generate pTRK1185 (FIG. 13, panel A). All tested transformants generated a smaller PCR product, revealing the 643-bp expected deletion in the NCK2635 mutant (100% efficiency), confirmed by sequencing (FIG. 10, panel A). Similarly, a control plasmid was generated containing the same repair template but lacking the targeting guide (pTRKH2-RT). Indeed, when this plasmid was transformed into L. crispatus NCK1350, hundreds of transformants were obtained (FIG. 10, panel A, right) and none of the PCR-screened colonies presented the deletion, indicating low-efficiency recombination without CRISPR selective pressure. This result suggests the deletion mutant NCK2635 was the consequence of Cascade-Cas3 targeting followed by homologous direct repair (HDR) based on the repair template provided on the plasmid, rather than naturally-occurring homologous recombination (HR). Also, these results confirmed the lethality of Cas3-based DNA damage when a self-targeting array is delivered to repurpose the endogenous system and trigger lethal cleavage without a repair template.

We then used a similar strategy to generate other genome editing outcomes to illustrate the versatility of the technology. We used the same targeting plasmid (pTRK1184), in which we cloned different repair templates to perform various editing outcomes within the p-gtf gene (FIG. 13, panel A). We introduced a stop codon in the p-gtf gene while simultaneously deleting the protospacer region (see pTRK1186 in Table 1, FIG. 13, panel A). When the plasmid was transformed into L. crispatus NCK1350, eleven transformants were obtained and PCR screening confirmed the insertion of the stop codon at the desired location with 36% efficiency (4/11 colonies), generating NCK2656 (FIG. 10, panel B, Table 1). The other survivors appeared to carry defective plasmids, in which the targeting spacer had been excised, presumably by homologous recombination between the CRISPR repeats. Next, we carried out a single base substitution (14A>G) yielding a missense mutation (K5R) in the p-gtf target (see pTRK1187 in Tablet FIG. 13, panel A). In this case, sixteen transformants were obtained and the PCR screening confirmed the genesis of the desired single base substitution in NCK2659 (FIG. 10, panel C), with an efficiency of 19% (3/16 colonies). The EPS-derivative mutants NCK2635 and NCK2656 displayed a rough phenotype due to the p-gtf deletion or interruption, visually distinguishable from the smooth phenotype of the wild type strain NCK1350, when using scanning electron microscopy (FIG. 10, panel D). The EPS-derivative mutant NCK2659 displayed an intermediate surface phenotype between the parental strain NCK1350 and the deletion mutant NCK2635 (FIG. 10, panel D) as the amino acid change K5R did show features of both the smooth and rough morphologies of L. crispatus. These results showed that this approach can be used to generate deletions, insert stop codons or precisely mutate a single base efficiently in the p-gtf gene.

Next, to illustrate the versatility of this approach, we targeted another chromosomal location, and deleted the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 gene, to provide a proof of concept for prophage curing. The NCK1350 wild type sequence is AATGGAATTTAAATTAGATGAATC ACAAGAAACCGAGATTAAAACTTTTGTTATGGGCGTGGTTAAAGACGCTATTAAACAAGCC ACTACCACCAGCAAACCATATTTGAACCGCAAAGAAATTGCTAAGTATTTTGGCGTGGCTG AATCAACTATTACATATTGGGCTTCTTTAGGGATGCCTGTCGCTGTCATAGACGGGCGCA AACTCTATGGCAAGCAATCTATAACTAACTGGCTAAAATT (SEQ ID NO:134) of which the first 8 and last 45 nucleotides are depicted in FIG. 11, panel A. Using the aforementioned vector, we designed a repair template completely ablating the Nu1, cloned it into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1188 (see pTRK1189 in Table 1, FIG. 13, panel B), and generated a 308-nt deletion mutant NCK2662 with 20% efficiency (2/10 colonies) (FIG. 11, panel A). Finally, we targeted a third chromosomal locus to generate a knock-in. We strategically selected the downstream region of the enolase gene, as a stable and highly expressed locus, which we previously used for antigen expression in L. acidophilus (58) using a upp-plasmid based cloning system (59, 60). We designed a repair template containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene flanked by 2 kb homologous arms, cloned into SaII-PvuI digested pTRK1190 to generate pTRK1191 (Table 1, FIG. 8, panel C). In this case, PCR screening of the transformants revealed the intended GFP integration (730 bp) with 23% efficiency (3/13 colonies) (FIG. 11, panel B). Prophage-curing, leading to the enhancement of strain genetic stability, was demonstrated under the selective induction of mitomycin C (0.75 μg/ml), with the deletion mutant NCK2662 being able to grow, whereas cell lysis occurred in the wild type strain NCK1350, due to prophage excision from the chromosome (FIG. 11, panel B). The fluorescence signal of the chromosomal inserted GFP was detected in the derivative mutant NCK2665 using fluorescence microscopy, enabling monitoring of probiotic strains in future characterization through in vitro and in vivo analyses (FIG. 11, panel D). Overall, these results show that various loci can be targeted by the endogenous Type I-E machinery to generate deletions and insertions flexibly and efficiently.

DISCUSSION

The advent of CRISPR-based technologies has revolutionized genome editing and enabled the alteration of virtually any sequence in any organism of interest. Much of this success is due to the portability, ease of delivery and accessibility of materials and protocols for genome editing and transcriptional control (61). However, the current toolbox is limited to only a few Cas9, Cas12 and Cas13 effector proteins, predominantly optimized for use in eukaryotes. With thousands of native CRISPR-Cas systems widely occurring in bacteria and archaea, we have the opportunity to repurpose endogenous systems in their native host for genome editing, provided we can characterize their guide RNAs and targeting PAM sequences (15). Harnessing the endogenous machinery enables efficient genome editing simply by delivering a CRISPR array, together with desired repair templates. The development of such a potent tool has the potential to facilitate the engineering of many valuable bacteria that play critical roles in human health (62, 63) and important biological functions in the various habitats and niches they inhabit. Also, this opens new avenues for the functional enhancement of bacterial communities and rational design of beneficial microbes and probiotics to promote host health.

Recent studies have established L. crispatus as a key commensal species for women's health and poultry intestinal health (29, 31-33), though it is unclear what the genetic basis of those probiotic features are. Furthermore, research in this species has been limited by the paucity of molecular tools available for functional studies, and limited transformation efficiencies in this genetically recalcitrant species (64, 65). Indeed, the lack of molecular tools for L. crispatus represents a bottle neck for a more comprehensive understanding of its physiology and further enhancement of its probiotic features through genome editing.

The methods we used to edit various chromosomal loci in L. crispatus NCK1350 using the native CRISPR-Cas3 system illustrated how endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems can be easily repurposed for precise genome editing encompassing insertions, deletions and single base alterations. Similar approaches have been used previously for transcriptional control in the model bacterium E. coli (66, 67) and in archaea (68), for genome editing in archaea (69, 70) and also for genome engineering of bacteriophage (71) and Clostridium (72, 73). However, this is the first time that an endogenous CRISPR-Cas system is being used successfully for genome editing in lactobacilli. The only unique tool available previously was based on the heterologous expression of S. pyogenes Cas9 in L. reuteri, L. casei and L. plantarum (74-76). While Cas3-based exonucleolytic activity can be toxic to bacterial cells (25, 77), the widespread homologous recombination machinery mediated by RecBCD resects DNA ends. Subsequently RecA is recruited to drive recombination (26, 78), or RecA is recruited via the RecF pathway with RecFOR at the initial steps (79), to assist with DNA repair and genesis of the desired genome editing outcomes encoded on the repair template. In this study, we show that providing an adequately designed repair template (e.g., about 2 kb size) in the targeting plasmid constitutes an efficient means to carry out various editing outcomes (e.g., insertion, deletion, substitution), even in a recalcitrant species such as L. crispatus. The flexible genetic manipulation of the commensal L. crispatus uncovers tremendous potential to develop next generation probiotics for women's health and poultry health, including but not limited to enhancing the probiotic features or the development of vaccines against infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases. These findings also open new avenues for engineering other Lactobacillus species by repurposing their endogenous active CRISPR-Cas systems (80, 81) to enhance bacterial applications, microbiome targeting and modulation in humans and animals. Indeed, this technology relies on the use of a single plasmid conveniently designed for easy cloning, thus enabling potent CRISPR targeting and programmable genome editing, without the necessity of a large heterologous Cas nuclease which usually requires complex plasmid engineering, leading to stability artifacts and cloning challenges.

Overall, this study provides a framework to characterize endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems, based on in silico examination, transcriptomic analyses and plasmid interference assays. We have demonstrated how endogenous Type I CRISPR-Cas systems can be repurposed for efficient genome editing of bacteria in situ, opening new avenues for next-generation engineering of industrial workhorses, commensal microbes and beneficial probiotic bacteria for the development of engineered biotherapeutics.

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The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

TABLE 1 Strains and plasmids Description Strains L. crispatus NCK1350 Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from a human endoscopy with CRISPR-Cas systems subtype I-E NCK2635 L. crispatus NCK1350 mutant with the deletion (643 bp) of the exopolysaccharide gene priming- glycosyltransferase (p-gtf) (EC 2.7.8.6) NCK2656 L. crispatus NCK1350 mutant with three stop codons inserted (p-gtf15_16::taatagtga) in the p-gtf gene and the protospacer sequence deleted NCK2659 L. crispatus NCK1350 mutant with a single base substitution altering the PAM sequence (14A>G) (K5R) in the p-gtf gene NCK2662 L. crispatus NCK1350 mutant with the prophage DNA packaging Nut deleted (308 bp) NCK2665 L. crispatus NCK1350 mutant with the GFP inserted in the chromosome downstream the enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) Plasmids pTRKH2 High copy Gram + shuttle vector; Erm^(r) pS6 Spacer 6 from CRISPR-1 cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pPS6 PAM + Spacer 6 from CRISPR-1 cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pS21 Spacer 18 from CRISPR-2 cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pPS21 PAM + Spacer 18 from CRISPR-2 cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pS26 Spacer 26 from CRISPR-3 cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pPS26 PAM + Spacer 26 from CRISPR-3 cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pTRK1183 (pcrRNA) Plasmid-based technology with an artificial crRNA (leader + 2 repeats + rho-terminator) cloned into BgIII-SaII digested pTRKH2 pTRK1184 Targeting plasmid on the exopolysaccharide p-gtf gene obtained after cloning with annealing (pcrRNA_T1) oligonucleotides a 33 nt spacer into Bsal digested pTRK1183 pTRK1185 Editing plasmid containing the repair template (RT_(KO)) to generate a knock out of the p-gtf gene, (pcrRNA_T1_RTdel) cloned into SaII-Pvul digested pTRK1184 pTRKH2-RT Control plasmid containing the repair template (RT_(KO)) used to generate a knock out of the p-gtf gene, cloned into SaII-Pvul digested pTRKH2 pTRK1186 Editing plasmid containing the repair template (RT_(STOP)) to generate the insertion of three stop codons in the p- gtf gene, cloned into SaII-Pvul digested pTRK1184 pTRK1187 Editing plasmid containing the repair template (RT_(SNP)) to perform single nucleotide substitution altering the PAM sequence in the p-gtf gene, cloned into SaII-Pvul digested pTRK1184 pTRK1188 Targeting plasmid on the prophage DNA packaging Nu1 gene obtained after cloning with (pcrRNA_T3) annealing oligonucleotides a 33 nt spacer into Bsal digested pTRK1183 pTRK1189 Editing plasmid containing the repair template (RT_(KO)) to generate a knock out of the Nu1 gene, cloned into SaII-Pvul digested pTRK1188 pTRK1190 Targeting plasmid on the enolase gene obtained after cloning with annealing oligonucleotides a 33 nt spacer into Bsal digested pTRK1183 pTRK1191 Editing plasmid containing the repair template (RT_(GFP)) to generate the chromosomal insertion of the GFP gene, cloned into SaII-Pvul digested pTRK1188

TABLE 2 Lactobacillus crispatus genomes available at NCBI Source Strain Isolation source GenBank genome Human isolates 125-2-CHN Vaginal isolate ACPV00000000 214-1 Vaginal isolate ADGR00000000 2029 Healthy women genital tract AVFH00000000 C037 Adult female bladder MAKH00000000 CTV-05 Vaginal isolate ADML00000000 FB049-03 Vaginal isolate AGZF00000000 FB077-07 Vaginal isolate AGZG00000000 JV-V01 Normal human vaginal flora ACKR00000000 MV-1A-US Vaginal isolate ACOG00000000 MV-3A-US Vaginal isolate ACQC00000000 OAB24-B Human urine MAMR00000000 PSS7772C Human urine LSQY00000000 SJ-3C-US Vaginal isolate ADDT00000000 VMC1 Mid-vaginal wall from BV LJCZ00000000 VMC2 Mid-vaginal wall from BV LJDA00000000 VMC3 Mid-vaginal wall from BV LJGP00000000 VMC4 Mid-vaginal wall from BV LJGQ00000000 VMC5 Mid-vaginal wall healthy women LJOK00000000 VMC6 Mid-vaginal wall healthy women LJOL00000000 VMC7 Mid-vaginal wall healthy women LJOM00000000 VMC8 Mid-vaginal wall healthy women LJON00000000 DSM 20584* Human Eye AZCW00000000 EM-LC1 Human fecal sample AXLM00000000 DISK12 Human oral cavity MKXG01 NCK1350 Human endoscopy SGWL00000000 Chicken/Turkey isolates C25 Chicken cecum MCJG00000000 JCM 5810 Chicken feces LSVK00000000 ST1 Chicken crop isolate NC-014106 UMNLC1 Turkey Ileum LYQR00000000 UMNLC2 Turkey Ileum LYQS00000000 UMNLC3 Turkey Ileum LYQT00000000 UMNLC4 Turkey Ileum LYQU00000000 UMNLC5 Turkey Ileum LYQV00000000 UMNLC6 Turkey Ileum LYQW00000000 UMNLC7 Turkey Ileum LYQX00000000 UMNLC8 Turkey Ileum LYQY00000000 UMNLC9 Turkey Ileum LYQZ00000000 UMNLC10 Turkey Ileum LYRA00000000 UMNLC11 Turkey Ileum LYRB00000000 UMNLC12 Turkey Ileum LYRC00000000 UMNLC13 Turkey Ileum LYRD00000000 UMNLC14 Turkey Ileum LYRE00000000 UMNLC15 Turkey Ileum LYRF00000000 UMNLC16 Turkey Ileum LYRG00000000 UMNLC18 Turkey Ileum LYRH00000000 UMNLC19 Turkey Ileum LYRI00000000 UMNLC20 Turkey Ileum LYRK00000000 UMNLC21 Turkey Ileum LYRK00000000 UMNLC22 Turkey Ileum LYRL00000000 UMNLC23 Turkey Ileum LYRM00000000 UMNLC24 Turkey Ileum LYRN00000000 UMNCL25 Turkey Ileum LYRO00000000 *DSM 20584 = ATCC 33820 = JCM1185

TABLE 3 CRISPR-Cas systems in Lactobacillus crispatus genomes available at NCBI SEQ Isolation CRISPR ID Repeat No. source Strain Subtype Repeat sequence* NO Length spacers cas1 cas3 cas9 Human 125-2-CHN II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  3 — — — isolates 214-1 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  6 Y — Y 2029 II-A    GTTTTAGATGGTTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y C037 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  3 Y — Y I-E  

154 28  2 — — — CTV-05 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  5 Y — Y FB049-03 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y I-E            

155 28  4 — — — FB077-07 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y JV-V01 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  4 Y — Y MV-1A-US II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  3 Y — Y MV-3A-US II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  4 Y — Y OAB24-B II-A                                       — — — Y — Y I-E            

154 28  2 — — — PSS7772C II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  6 Y — Y SJ-3C-US II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y VMC1 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y I-E            

155 28  4 — — — VMC2 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  6 Y — Y VMC3 I-B          GTATTTATTTATCTTAAGAGAAATGTAAAT 156 30 13 Y Y — I-E            

157 28 35 Y Y —            

158 28 VMC4 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  4 Y — Y VMC5 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  4 Y — Y I-E            

154 28  4 — — — VMC6 II-A    GTTTTAGATGATTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y I-E            

155 28  4 — — — VMC7 II-A    GTTTTAGATGGTTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  5 Y — Y VMC8 II-A    GTTTTAGATGGTTGTTAGATCAATGAGGTTTAGATC 153 36  7 Y — Y DSM 20584 I-E            

154 28  5 Y Y — EM-LC1  — — — — — — — DISK12 I-E            

159 28 10 — — — NCK1350 I-E            

160 28 53 Y Y —            

159            

155            

154 C25 I-E            

154 28 37 Y Y — Chicken/Turkey JCM 5810 I-E            

161 28 55 Y Y — isolates ST1 I-E            

154 28 38 Y Y —           

162 29 UMNLC1 I-E            

154 28 49 Y Y — UMNLC2 I-E            

155 28 40 Y Y — UMNLC3 I-E            

155 28 40 Y Y — UMNLC4 I-E            

159 28 40 Y Y — UMNLC5 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 39 Y Y — UMNLC6 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 64 Y Y — UMNLC7 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 36 Y Y — UMNLC8 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 46 Y Y — UMNLC9 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 76 Y Y — UMNLC10 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 56 Y Y — UMNLC11 I-E            

163 28 47 Y Y —           

164 29 UMNLC12 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 56 Y Y — UMNLC13 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 43 Y Y — UMNLC14 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 63 Y Y — UMNLC15 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 40 Y Y — UMNLC16 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 50 Y Y — UMNLC18 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 66 Y Y — UMNLC19 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 66 Y Y — UMNLC20 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 62 Y Y — UMNLC21 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 62 Y Y —           

164 29 UMNLC22 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 62 Y Y — UMNLC23 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 62 Y Y —           

164 29 UMNLC24 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 62 Y Y —           

164 29 UMNCL25 I-E            GTATTCTCCACGTATGTGGAGGTGATCC 159 28 64 Y Y —           

164 29 *Highlighted nucleotides indicate SNP variants in the repeat sequence within the same CRISPR subtype

TABLE 4 Protospacers targeted by L. crispatus spacers from CRISPR subtype II-A Isolation Spacer SEQ ID Source Strain Contig PAM_protospacers NO Plasmid/Phage Strain Human 125 3- TTCGTGATTAGTTTGATCT 165 rudivirus Sulfolobales Mexican CGTTGTTGTAAGCGACGAA rudivirus 214 5-82 AAATTAACACCTCTATTAT 166 pDF308 Deferribacter desulfuricans TTTTTTCTGTAAGATACTT SSM1 CTV-05 1-49 CCCACGTTGGTACCTTCGC 167 Phage EFDG1 Enterococcus faecalis AAAAGCTATTGGGCGCCAC JVVO1 4-84 AAAAAAAGGATTATCTGTA 168 pXNC1 Xenorhabdus nematophila CCATCATCTAACGGCGTA ATCC 19061 4-84 CAGAAAATGGTTTATTTGT 169 phage vB-PmiM- CATTTCTTCATGGCGGGCT Pm5461 MV-1A- 1-65 CAGAAAATGGTTTATTTGT 170 phage vB-PmiM- US CATTTCTTCATGGCGGGCT Pm5461 MV-3A- 4-60 TAAAAAAAGGATTATCTGT 171 pXNC1 Xenorhabdus nematophila US ACCATCATCTAACGGCGTA ATCC 19061 pXNC2 Xenorhabdus nematophila AN61 CAGAAAATGGTTTATTTGT 172 phage vB-PmIM- Proteus phage CATTTCTTCATGGCGGGCT Pm5461 PSS7772 1-21 TAAAAAAAGGATTATCTGT 171 pXNC1 Xenorhabdus nematophila ACCATCATCTAACGGCGTA ATCC 19061 pXNC2 Xenorhabdus nematophila AN61 SJ-3C- 5-67 CCCACGTTGGTACCTTCGC 173 Phage EFDG1 Enterococcus faecalis US AAAAGCTATTGGGCGCCAC VMC1 3-15 CCCACGTTGGTACCTTCGC 173 Phage EFDG1 Enterococcus faecalis AAAAGCTATTGGGCGCCAC VMC2 5-153 CCCACGTTGGTACCTTCGC 173 Phage EFDG1 Enterococcus faecalis AAAAGCTATTGGGCGCCAC VMC4 4-76 TAAAAAAAGGATTATCTGT 171 pXNC1 Xenorhabdus nematophila ACCATCATCTAACGGCGTA ATCC 19061 pXNC2 Xenorhabdus nematophila AN61 CAGAAAATGGTTTATTTGT 172 phage vB-PmiM- Proteus phage CATTTCTTCATGGCGGGCT Pm5461 VMC5 3-117 CCCACGTTGGTACCTTCGC 173 Phage EFDG1 Enterococcus faecalis AAAAGCTATTGGGCGCCAC 4-117 AAATTAACACCTCTATTAT 166 pDF308 Deferribacter desulfuricans TTTTTTCTGTAAGATACTT SSM1 VMC6 5-50 CCCACGTTGGTACCTTCGC 173 Phage EFDG1 Enterococcus faecalis AAAAGCTATTGGGCGCCAC *Underlined nucleotides indicate the putative PAM

TABLE 5 Protospacers targeted by L. crispatus spacers from CRISPR subtype I-B Isolation Spacer- SEQ ID Source Strain Contig PAM_protospacers NO Plasmid/Phage Strain Human VMC3 1 GTCCACCGTAACTAAGAACGACA 174 Phage KC5a Lactobacillus GGATCTTTTTCTAGGTCAA 1 TTTATGGTGTATCAAGAACAACA 175 pLM1 L. mucosae GATTCAGTTTTTAGTTCAA LM1 2 GTTGATGGGTTATGGGAAAATGC 176 Phage e112 E. coli  CCGTTCAAAAAATCTTTATAA O157:H7 2 GTTGATGGGAAAATGCCCGTTCA 177 phage AAAAATCTCTATAA vB_EcoM_ACG-C40 4 ACCTGGTGCAACAGCAACTACTC 178 phage CTGTAACTCTGCCTGCAAAC vB_CsaM_GAP31 5 CCTGCCGGGGATGGTGAATCCCT 179 Phage Job42 CGGCAGGGCGCATTTACAGTCG 6 GATTTACCGTTAATAGAATCTGG 180 Phage 0507- Klebsiella CGATAAAGTCAACATTGTTCTGC KN2-1 * Underlined nucleotides indicate the predicted PAM

TABLE 6 Protospacers targeted by L. crispatus spacers from CRISPR subtype I-E Isolation Spacer- SEQ ID Plasmid/ Source Strain Contig PAM_protospacers NO Phage Strain Human VMC3  2-36 GCTTCAAACATGGGTGAGATT 181 pUMNLJ22 L. johnsonii UMNLJ22 ATCCGGAAAGGATAAGATATG 16-36 AGCCTTAACAGATGGATTAAA pL11995-5 L. paracollinoides CAATTTTTAACGGCTGGTTT TMW1.1995 182 pR2 L. salivarius Ren pPC892-4 P. pentosaceus SRCM100892 NCK1350  1-18 AATCGAAAGTCCGCATGACTT pL1481-4 L. lindneri TMW1.481 CGTTGACAATAGCTCTCA 183 pL11991-8 L. backii TMW1.1991 plca36 (repA) L. casei Zhang Poultry C25  1-18 TCAATTAACTAACAATGCTCA 184 plasmid1 L. amylovorus AACGTTAAATATGGTTGATA GRL1112  1-18 AAAATTAACTAACAACGCACA 185 pLH1 L. helveticus AACGTTAAATTTGGTTGATA DSM20075 JCM5810  3-4 AAGCACAAACCTTGCATAAAT 186 pUMNLJ22 L. johnsonii UMNLJ22 CGAGCGATCCGACCAGCATA  3-4 AAGCACAAACCTTGCATAAAT 186 pUMNLJ21 L. johnsonii UMNLJ21 CGAGCGATCCGACCAGCATA 15-4 TGCCGTAACAATTGACATGGC 187 phiJB L. delbrueckii AAAAGAGCTTTGCATGATGT bulgaricus ST1  8-2 TTAACTAACAATGCTCAAACG 188 plasmid1 L. amylovorus TTAAATATGGTTGATAAAGA GRL1112 UMNLC1 13-19 ATAAAAAATAGGCGATTCCGC 189 phage AQ113 L. helveticus AATACTTGCGAACCTATCG UMNLC6 13-32 TTAACTAACAATGCTCAAACG 190 plasmid1 L. amylovorus TTAAATATGGTTGATAAAGA GRL1112 11-32 GGGCTTAATTGTATCAATGCT 191 phage phi hlb1 L. gasseri AATAAGAATGTTCTGCCCGG 12-38 CATGAAAATAATCTGCTACTT 192 Phage PLgT-1 Lactococcus TTGCTAAATCTTCAGCTTTT UMNLC9 22-09 GAAATTAATGTTGGTGCATTA 193 phage AQ113 L. helveticus ATGGAAGATGCATATTTAGA  6-50 CTGCTCAATTAGTTAAAGGTT 194 phage AQ113 L. helveticus TTGGTGGTTTGGCTTCTGCG 17-09 TTAACTAACAATGCTCAAACG 188 plasmid1 L. amylovorus TTAAATATGGTTGATAAAGA GRL1112 

1. A method of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells: (a) a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in the genome of the bacterial and/or archaeal cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is a genomic sequence that is conserved among the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells and the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM); (b) a recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Type I-E CRISPR associated complex for antiviral defense complex (Cascade complex) comprising: a Cse1 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:82, a Cse2 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:83, a Cas7 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:84, a Cas5 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:85, and a Cas6 polypeptide encoded by encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:86; and (c) a Cas3 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide, thereby killing one or more cells in the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.
 2. A method of killing one or more cells in a population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise an endogenous Type I-E Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system, the method comprising introducing into the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array comprising two or more repeat sequences and one or more spacer nucleotide sequence(s), wherein each of the one or more spacer sequences comprises a 3′ end and a 5′ end and is linked at its 5′ end and at its 3′ end to a repeat sequence, and each of the one or more spacer sequences is complementary to a target sequence (protospacer) in a target DNA in the one or more bacterial and/or archaeal cells of the population, wherein the target sequence is located immediately adjacent (3′) to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells, wherein the two or more repeat sequences comprise any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1 to 68, in any combination, in any combination, thereby killing the one or more cells within the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells that comprise the target sequence in their genome.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding a Cascade complex, and/or polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide are comprised in a single vector or are comprised in two or three separate vectors, optionally wherein the vector is a recombinant plasmid, bacteriophage, or retrovirus.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array is comprised in an expression cassette and/or a vector, optionally wherein the vector is a recombinant plasmid, bacteriophage, or retrovirus. 5-9. (canceled)
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the PAM comprises a nucleotide sequence of 5′-NAA-3′, 5′-AAA-3′ and/or 5′-AA-3′ that is immediately adjacent to and 5′ of the protospacer.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array is operably linked to a promoter optionally wherein the promoter is a heterologous promoter and/or comprises any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:69 to
 76. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding the Cascade complex, and, when present, the polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide are operably linked to a single promoter or are operably linked to two or three separate promoters, optionally wherein the promoter and/or the two or three separate promoters are heterologous promoters and/or comprise any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:69 to
 76. 13-15. (canceled)
 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array is operably linked to a terminator sequence, optionally wherein the terminator sequence comprises any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:77 to
 81. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a CRISPR array, the recombinant nucleic acid construct encoding the Cascade complex, and (when present) the polynucleotide encoding a Cas3 polypeptide are operably linked to a single terminator sequence or are operably linked to two or three separate terminator sequences, optionally wherein the single terminator sequence and/or the two or three separate terminator sequences comprise any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:77 to
 81. 18-19. (canceled)
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the target sequence is located in a gene, optionally in the sense or coding strand or in the antisense or non-coding strand.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the target sequence is located in an intragenic region of a gene, optionally located in the sense or coding strand or in the antisense or non-coding strand.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the target sequence is located in an intergenic region, optionally in the sense strand or in the antisense strand.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the target sequence is located on a chromosome.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein at least two of the one or more spacer sequence(s) comprise nucleotide sequences that are complementary to different target sequences.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more spacer sequence(s) each have a length of about 25 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, optionally about 25 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, or about 33 nucleotides.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more spacer sequence(s) each comprise a 5′ region and a 3′ region, wherein the 5′ region comprises a seed sequence and the 3′ region comprises a remaining portion of the one or more spacer sequence(s).
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the seed sequence comprises the first 8 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the one or more spacer sequence(s), and is fully complementary to the target sequence, and the remaining portion of the one or more spacer sequence(s) is at least about 80% complementarity to the target sequence.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells are Firmicute cells.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the Cas3 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:119 and/or the Cas3 polypeptide is encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:87.
 30. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more cells of the population of bacterial and/or archaeal cells are Firmicute cells 